Encyclopaedia Judaica

Racist Zionist organization in Russia

Big racist Zionist movement since 1897 - anti-Zionists with center Kovno - racist Zionist congresses, parties, congregations, education - anti-Zionist Bund - Plehve restrictions - repression since the definition "national minority" since the Helsingfors conference in 1905 - center St. Petersburg - emigration waves - Communist repression since 1948 - emigration wave of 1969

Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): [[racist]] Zionism, vol. 16, col. 1137: The All-Russian [[racist]] Zionist Conference (the [[racist Zionist]] Helsingfors Conference), held in the Finnish capital in 1906, with Jehiel Tschlenow in the chair. Courtesy Jabotinsky Institute in Israel, Tel Aviv.

from: Zionism; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 16

presented by Michael Palomino (2008)

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Big racist Zionist movement since 1897 - anti-Zionists with center Kovno - racist Zionist congresses, parties, congregations, education - anti-Zionist Bund - Plehve restrictions - repression since the definition "national minority" since the Helsingfors conference in 1905 - center St. Petersburg - emigration waves - Communist repression since 1948 - emigration wave of 1969


[[Introduction
Racist Zionist madness says that Jewry would be a "nation" which is never possible because Jewry is a religion. Add to this the Arabs were never asked if a "Jewish State" would be built. But many Jews believed the Jewish racist Zionists and warmongers, called "Zionists" with it's racist Herzl booklet "The Jewish State". Zionist racism is legal until now (2008) and their racist books like "The Jewish State" from racist Herzl are not forbidden...]

[Racist Zionist congregations and racist Zionist leaders in Russia since 1897 - anti-Zionist center in Kovno with a "Black Bureau"]

[[There were emigrations movements since the pogrom wave since 1881 when the czar was murdered and generally the Jews were blamed for it.].

<Theodor Herzl's activities engendered a revival among the Hovevei (Ḥovevei) Zion movement in Russia, and large new groups joined the movement, which soon encompassed masses of people. The number of [[racist]] Zionist societies in Russia increased from 23 to 373 in 1897, the year of the First [[racist]] Zionist Congress. There were 877 societies by May 1899; 1,034 in 1900; and 1,572 in 1903-04. At the First [[racist]] Zionist Congress the Russian delegation accounted for one-third of all the delegates (66 out of 197), among them L. Motzkin, H. Schapira, M. Mandelstamm, V. Tiomkin, and M.M. Ussishkin, and four delegates from Russia were elected there to the [[racist]] Zionist General Council, each of them with a specific function. Y. *Bernstein-Cohen of Kishinev headed the [[racist]] Zionist center of correspondence in Russia (the so-called "Post Bureau"), Mandelstamm was responsible for financial matters, Rabbi S. Mohilever of Bialystok headed the center for cultural activities, and Y. Yassinovsky of Warsaw headed the center for [[racist]] Zionist literature.

For all practical purposes the "Post Bureau" became the organizational center of the [[racist]] Zionist movement in Russia until before the Fifth [[racist]] Zionist Congress (Basle, 1901), when it was replaced by the office of information headed by V. Jacobson. The delegates divided the country into districts and held district conferences. In 1898, prior to the Second [[racist]] Zionist Congress (Basle, 1898), the majority of the first [[racist]] Russian Zionists convened in Warsaw consisting of 160 delegates from 93 cities and towns, among them 14 Orthodox rabbis, supported the demand that the practical settlement activity in Erez Israel (Ereẓ Israel) [[Land of Israel]] continue, as against the position of the "political" [[racist]] Zionists, who supported Herzl's concept that small-scale "infiltration" into the country might harm the prospects of achieving the Charter. Eventually a compromise decision was formulated.

The demand of the rabbis at the [[racist]] Zionist Congress to create a rabbinic committee to supervise [[racist]] Zionist cultural work was rejected. Rabbi A.E. Rabinowich of Poltava and other rabbis left the movement, became its opponents, and later organized in Kovno, together with other ultra-Orthodox rabbis, Ha-Lishkah ha-Shehorah (Sheḥorah) ("The Black Bureau"), which published books and pamphlets against the [[racist]] Zionist movement.

[Racist Russian Zionists at the Zionist Congresses - the "Democratic" Fraction for more "Jewish education and culture" - Minsk conference of 1902 with education compromise]

Among the Russian delegates at the Second [[racist]] Zionist Congress were [[the racist Zionist leaders]] Chaim Weizmann, Nahum Sokolow, and Shemaryahu Levin, who played increasingly dominant roles in the [[racist]] Zionist movement. At the Fourth [[racist]] Zionist Congress (London, 1900) [[racist]] Russian Zionists wee represented by more than 200 delegates, and at the Fifth Congress (Basle, 1901) the *Democratic [[!?]] Fraction, headed by [[the racist Zionist leaders]] Weizmann, M. Buber, Motzkin, and B. Feiwel, was established. It demanded a much greater emphasis on Jewish education and culture on the part of the [[racist]] Zionist Organization.

[[Zionism was all but a "democratic" organization, and the aim was not at all "democratic", but the destruction of all Arabs for a Jewish Empire from Nile to Euphrates according to 1st Mose chapter 15 phrase 18. But this is not mentioned in Encyclopaedia Judaica, of course...]]

They were opposed by J.J. *Reines and the Orthodox wing forming the Mizrachi [[religious racist Zionist]] movement, which opposed the anticipated secular character of [[racist]] Zionist cultural activity.

The second All-Russian Zionist Conference was held in 1902 in Minsk (see *Minsk Conference) with the participation of 500 [[racist Zionist]] delegates (col. 1136)

representing some 75,000 shekel holders. It was the only legal [[racist]] Zionist conference in czarist Russia and aroused much public interest. About 160 delegates represented Mizrachi [[religious racist Zionist movement]] and about 60 represented the [[racist Zionist]] Democratic Fraction. After a long and stormy debate on education, a compromise was reached recognizing both educational trends, the secular and the religious.

[Racist Russian Zionists at more racist Zionist Congresses - Uganda Scheme - creation of racist Socialist Zionist parties and racist Socialist Zionist movements]

In 1903 the Russian delegation to the Sixth [[racist]] Zionist Congress (Basle) were the prime movers of the opposition to the Uganda Scheme, which was finally rejected (after [[racist]] Herzl's death) at the Seventh [[racist]] Congress (Basle, 1905), where a minority group seceded and created the [[racist]] Jewish Territorial Organization (see *Territorialism). While territorialism did not gain much ground among most [[racist]] Zionists in Russia, its influence grew in the budding [[racist]] Zionist labor movement. The [[racist]] Zionist Socialists (called S.S. according to their Russian name Sionisty Sotsialisty) repudiated the solution of the Jewish problem in Erez Israel (Ereẓ Israel) [[Land of Israel]], devoting their main attention to Jewish migration, which they believed would eventually lead to settlement on a specific territory and thus solve the Jewish problem.

Another group in Russian Jewry, known as the "Sejmists", rejected both [[racist]] Zionist and territorialist solutions and advocated instead the struggle for officially recognized Jewish national autonomy in the Diaspora countries. The [[racist]] [[racist]] Zionist Socialist movement Po'alei Zion, under the leadership of B. *Borochov, emerged in 1905-06. Another movement of Socialist-oriented moderate [[racist]] Zionists was Ze'irei Zion, which eventually became linked to Ha-Po'el ha-Za'ir (ha-Ẓa'ir) in Erez Israel (Ereẓ Israel) [[Land of Israel]]. These movements, which represented [[racist]] Labor Zionism in Russia, soon became popular among the younger generation and the intelligentsia.

[Anti-Zionism]

The main force opposing [[racist]] Zionism in Russian Jewry was also a social democratic party, the [[Socialist-Democrat]] Bund [[Yidd.: Union]], which regarded Yiddish as the sole national language of the Jews and fought against the [[racist]] Zionists and against the cultivation of modern Hebrew [[for Yiddish]].

[[...]]

The Legal Status

[No permission for racist Zionism - pogrom of Kishinev of 1903 - Plehve restrictions against inner nationalism - but permission of emigration in 1903]

Russian [[racist]] Zionists did not request official permission to organize because they did not expect to receive such legitimation for a movement whose world center was located abroad. At first, although the authorities knew of the [[racist]] Zionist activities, they on the whole did not interfere. Later a change for the worse took place in the official attitude toward the [[racist]] Zionist movement and the Jews in general, which culminated in the spring of 1903 in the Kishinev pogrom.

In June 1903 the czarist minister (col. 1137)

of the interior, Plehve, issued a directive prohibiting any [[racist]] Zionist activity in Russia. [[Racist]] Herzl then traveled to Russia in order to influence the Russian government in favor of [[racist]] Zionism and to abolish the anti-Zionist decree. Plehve promised [[racist]] Herzl that the government would not interfere, provided that the [[racist]] Zionists did not engage in the organization of Russian Jewry on a national scale, but rather encouraged emigration.

The attitude of the authorities, however,did not improve substantially. The holding of public meetings was prohibited. The [[racist]] Zionists were able, however, to continue their educational and cultural activities, the collection of shekels, and the sale of shares of the Jewish Colonial Trust. Though in November 1904 a [[racist]] Zionist delegation learned from the liberal minister of the interior, Sviatopolsk-Mirsky, that the movement would not be persecuted, a turn for the worse took place again. (col. 1138).

[[...]]

[No participation in Russian politics up to 1905 - Helsingfors program of 1905 with definition of "national minority" - Czarist repression since 1907]

Prior to the 1905 Revolution, the [[racist]] Zionist movement in Russia abstained from any participation in Russian politics. This abstention was based on the original [[racist]] Zionist concept of "negation of the Diaspora" and rejection of the possibility of Jewish national existence in Russia. The 1905 Revolution brought a radical change in this position. An All-Russian [[racist]] Zionist Conference, known as the Helsingfors Conference (1906) [[Helsinki Conference]] formulated a new [[racist]] Zionist program, that of [[racist]] "synthetic Zionism" [[preparation of Hebrew culture in Diaspora]], which combined the basic negation of Jewish future in exile with the struggle not only for equal rights in the existing Diaspora, but also for the right of self-determination as a national minority group (see *Helsingfors Program).

Consequently the [[racist]] Zionists nominated their own candidates in the election to the First Duma, and five out of 12 elected Jewish deputies were [[racist]] Zionists. In the Second Duma one of six Jewish delegates elected was a [[racist]] Zionist. When the czarist government renewed its political repression in 1907, the [[racist]] Zionist movement, like other political trends in Russia, became practically paralyzed. (col. 1137)

[[...]]

[Persecutions of racist national Zionists 1905-1910 - trials - transfer of the Russian racist Zionist center to St. Petersburg]

Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): [[racist]] Zionism, vol. 16, col. 1136: Members of the [[racist]] Zionist women's association, Ha-Tehiyyah (Ha-Teḥiyyah), St. Petersburg, 1913. The group includes: 1) Zila Feinberg-Shoham, 2) Hannah Bielotzerkovski-Minkovitz, 3) David Bielotzerkovski, 4) Lea Zimmerman-Lichtenthal, 5) Dasha Knopper. Courtesy Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem

The resolutions of the Helsingfors Conference increased the governmetn's suspicions. The [[racist]] Zionist Organization was declared illegal. Licenses for local groups named "Palestine" were revoked, and activities on behalf of the [[racist]] Jewish National Fund (JNF) were prohibited (1907). Then [[racist]] David Wolffsohn, [[racist Zionist]] president of the [[racist]] World Zionist Organization, went to St. Petersburg (1908) and was promised that activity for the [[racist]] JNF and the [[racist]] Jewish Colonial Trust would be facilitated but the [[racist]] Zionist Organization would not be legalized.

In 1910 the persecutions increased, and when the [[racist]] Zionist central committee of Russia met in Moscow with the Russian members of the [[racist]] Zionist General Council, some of them, including the editor of Haolam, A. *Druyanow, were brought to trial. The central committee was then transfered to St. Petersburg and the editorial board of Haolam to Odessa (1912). The police did not harm the editorial board of the [[racist]] Zionist weekly Razsvet and [[racist]] Zionist leaders in St. Petersburg.

[[The racist Zionists had the plan to establish a Jewish Empire and to drive all Arabs away as in the criminal racist "USA" the natives had been driven away, and all Arabs should be enslaved. The Arabs in Palestine were never asked. They don't count for the racist Zionist Jews, and that's why the Arabs are not mentioned in the article...]]

The Second and Third Aliyah

[Agricultural school - call for emigration to the Jewish youth and second emigration wave to Palestine]

The pogroms in Kishinev and Gomel and other forms of oppression, together with the deep (col. 1138)

disappointment caused by the failure of the 1905 Revolution, stimulated a renewed movement of migration and settlement in Erez Israel (Ereẓ Israel) [[Land of Israel]]. Israel *Belkind went from Erez Israel to Russia seeking support to establish an agricultural school there for the orphans of the Kishinev pogrom. M. Ussishkin, in his pamphlet Our Program, and Josef *Vitkin's call from Erez Israel to Jewish youth in the Diaspora for aliyah and settlement contributed to a new wave of [[racist Zionist Jewish]] pioneering migration.

[[Racist Zionism systematically abused the enthusiasm of the youth for it's racist Empire projects and wars, as later Hitlerism did...]]

Thus the Second Aliyah started, and it included members of different trends, such as Ze'irei Zion, Po'alei Zion, Bilu he-Hadash (Ḥadash), etc. Among the pioneers were men like Berl *Katznelson, David Ben-Gurion, Izhak Ben-Zvi, Joseph *Sprinzak, and others who later became [[racist Zionist]] leaders of the yishuv and the [[racist]] Zionist movement during the Mandatory period and during Israel's independence [[without definition of borderlines...]]

Middle-class settlers from Russia participated in founding a residential neighborhood near Jaffa, Ahuzat (Aḥuzat) Bayit, which became Tel Aviv. Settlement societies were founded in various cities in Russia.

[Third racist Zionist Jewish emigration wave to Palestine since 1917 - and to "USA" - Trumpeldor idea of a racist Jewish army from Russia through the Caucasus to Palestine]

After World War I the Third Aliyah started as a movement of survivors of the pogroms in the Ukraine and of pioneers who followed Joseph *Trumpeldor.

[[In Palestine there was working civil war already between racist Zionist Jewish terror groups and Arab resistance, and it should become worse...]]

The Russian Revolution of February 1917 removed all the official obstacles from the [[racist]] Zionist movement, which immediately grew tremendously. An All-Russian [[racist]] Zionist Conference met in Petrograd on May 24, 1917, and its 552 delegates represented 140,000 shekel holders (in 1913 there were only 26,000 shekel holders). The conference reaffirmed the [[racist national Zionist]] Helsingfors Program and succeeded in drafting a unified program of all [[racist]] Zionist groups for the forthcoming elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly. The newly elected central committee was instructed to take the initiative in convening an All-Russian Jewish Congress. This conference, the first after 1902, was attended by Trumpeldor, who spread his idea about creating a Jewish army to march through the Caucasus to Erez Israel (Ereẓ Israel) [[Land of Israel]].

About 20 delegates supported Jabotinsky's pro-British activity in establishing the Jewish Legion, but the overwhelming majority adhered to the official [[racist]] Zionist neutralism in the World War.

[[1917-1918 the racist Zionist leadership emigrated to New York and fought from there for it's goals:

<Thus, at the end of World War I, clearly conceived Jewish policies were brought into effect through the importance of the new Jewish concentration in the United States, the ability and readiness for sacrifice among the intelligentsia circles of Russian origin, and the devotion and courage of the pioneers in Erez Israel.>
(from: from: History; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 8, col. 756, see: *History)]]

[Balfour Declaration of 2 November 1917 - racist Zionism becomes the dominating trend - racist Jewish National Council set up - Hebrew-language schools - Palestine Week - Palestine Offices - construction companies - oil refinery in Haifa - He-Halutz movement]

The Balfour Declaration of Nov. 2, 1917, which put an end to this neutralist position, made [[racist]] Zionism the dominant trend in Russian Jewry, and in the elections to the All-Russian Jewish Congress the [[racist]] Zionists received the majority of votes. Wartime conditions made the meeting of the congress impossible, but a [[racist]] Jewish National Council was established in which the various Jewish parties were represented in proportion to the number of seats they had won in the elections to the congress. The [[racist]] Zionists also maintained the Tarbut organization with a network of more than 250 Hebrew-language schools and other educational institutions.

The October (Bolshevik) Revolution of 1917 did not, at first, affect [[racist]] Zionist activities. A [[racist]] Palestine Week, proclaimed in spring 1918, was successfully conducted in hundreds of Jewish communities. [[The Arabs were not asked...]] Palestine Offices were established in various cities, among them Petrograd and Minsk. Efforts were made to mobilize private capital for investment in Palestine, and various companies were established for the construction of residential and business premises, and oil refinery in Haifa, etc. [[Racist Zionist leader and militarist]] Trumpeldor founded the *He-Halutz (He-Ḥalutz) movement. A conference of 149 delegates from 40 (col. 1139)

Jewish communities in central Russia, which took place in Moscow in July 1918, had a [[racist]] Zionist majority.

[[The Arabs were never asked...]]

[Racist Zionist majority in Ukraine since 1918]

In the Ukraine, where the [[criminal Gulag]] Soviet regime was finally established in February 1919, the [[racist]] Zionist movement was in 1918 the dominant force in Ukrainian Jewry. In the elections to Jewish community councils (kehillot) there, the [[racist]] Zionists received 54.5% of the vote, and in the elections to the provisional Jewish National Council of the Ukraine in November 1918, about 54% voted for [[racist]] Zionist candidates.

Liquidation and Resurrection in the [criminal Gulag] U.S.S.R.

Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): [[racist]] Zionism, vol. 16, col. 1138: Order of the
Kiev local authority closing all [[racist]] Zionist organizations and institution,
July 18, 1919. Courtesy A. Rafaeli-Zenziper, Archive for Russian Zionism, Tel Aviv

[Persecution and underground racist Zionism - anti-Zionist campaign within the class fight of Yevsektsiya against clericalism and bourgeois nationalism - some emigration to Palestine permitted]

Under Soviet rule [[with criminal Gulag system]] [[racist]] Zionism soon became the object of repression and persecution. [[Racist]] Zionist parties and organizations were outlawed, their clandestine meetings and regional conferences dispersed by force, and their participants and delegates arrested. The Hebrew language itself was gradually proscribed. Some [[racist]] underground Zionist activity continued, however, in the first decade of the Soviet regime, including the emergence of the pioneering youth movement Ha-Shomer ha-Za'ir (ha-Ẓa'ir) as an important factor among young [[racist]] Zionists striving to reach Palestine.

In the forefront of the anti-Zionist campaign stood the "Jewish section" (*Yevsektsiya) of the ruling Bolshevik party, whose task it was to eradicate "clericalism" and "bourgeois nationalism" from Jewish life. Various attempts made in the 1920s to achieve a permissive, or at least tolerant, attitude to some aspects of [[racist]] Zionist activity, mainly in the cultural field and emigration to Palestine (such as the semi-official negotiations of the member of the [[racist]] Zionist Executive, M.D. Eder, during his visit to Moscow in 1921 or the exchanges of the Moscow [[racist]] Zionist, Isaac Rabinovich, with high-ranking Soviet personalities in 1926) proved futile. However, until the late 1920s a number of Jews convicted for [[racist]] Zionist activities were allowed to leave for Palestine.

Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): [[racist]] Zionism, vol. 16, col. 1139: Four [[racist]] Zionist exiles in Siberia,
part of a group of 15 subjected to revised and harsher sentences, awaiting transportation
to prison in Tomsk, December 1925. Second from left is Aryeh Rafaeli-Zenziper.

[[In the article is missing:
-- the whole time of the 1930s with the *Birobidhzan project, (see also: Joint: Birobidhzan)
-- the *Krim settlements against other population planned as temporary settlements
-- the persecutions in the criminal Gulag "SU" since 1936
-- whole WW II.

According to Benjamin Pinkus there had died about 2-3 mio. Jews in the Russian army. Others had emigrated directly after WW II by racist Zionist organizations, but some intelligent Russian Jews used emigration to Palestine only for a stop over to criminal racist "USA" where they felt safer. Half of the article is missing as it seems. Stalin closed the Iron Curtain in 1946, and since the foundation of racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl Israel in 1948 and since it turned out that racist Herzl Israel would be a satellite of criminal racist "USA" Stalin turned radically against racist Zionism and performed the russification of "his" Jews in "his" Soviet Union. Partly more nationalifications in his satellite states were performed. Details]]:

[Persecution of racist Zionism in the 1950s]

From 1949, and particularly in 1952-53, "Zionism" became an odious catchword in Stalin's anti-Jewish campaigns (see *Slánský Trials, *Doctors' Plot). After Stalin's death this trend was dormant for several years, until it emerged again under Khrushchev in the 1960s and with particular virulence after the Six-Day War of 1967, when the almost daily attacks against "World Zionism" in the Soviet mass media and "political-education" system achieved an intensity similar to the anti-Semitic propaganda of czarist times.

Meanwhile from 1948 Soviet Jews showed more and more signs of interest in, and attachment to, the [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] State of Israel, demonstrating their sympathy for it and often their desire to migrate and settle there. These demonstrations took various forms, from many thousands of Jews attending synagogues when members of the Israel diplomatic mission came to pray or many young Jews who came to greet [[racist Zionist]] Israel delegations to international youth festivals, [[racist Zionist]] Israel sport teams, or folk singers visiting the U.S.S.R., to the famous mass gatherings of Jewish youth singing Hebrew songs and openly declaring their attachment to the Jewish nation and to [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel on Simhat (Simḥat) Torah in and around synagogues of Moscow, Leningrad,and other cities.

[Racist Zionist emigration movement in Russia after Prague Spring of 1968]

This movement became more and more pronounced and daring from 1969, when an increasing number of Jews from various Soviet regions addressed fully signed petitions and protests to the Soviet authorities, the government of [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel, the United Nations, and even to Communist parties in the West, demanding their right - under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights signed by the U.S.S.R., and a convention including a clause that every person has the right to leave any country, including his own, recently ratified by the Supreme Soviet - to leave the [[criminal Gulag]] Soviet Union for "repatriation to the Jewish ancestral homeland in [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel". There is evidence that this spontaneous movement - which can be defined as racist "neo-Zionist" - also encompasses private groups of young Jews studying Hebrew, Jewish history, about the [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] State of Israel, etc. The Soviet authorities [[with the criminal Gulag system]], particularly the security services, attempted to deter them by arrests, show trials, and other measures of intimidation, but the Jews maintained their campaign for the right to settle in [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel. For further details see *Russia.

[I.K. / ED.]> (col. 1140)

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