Preface

This web site is written in the name of peace work demonstrating the reasons and stupidities for persecutions of people by a majority, here shown with the history of Jewry.

History of Jews can be compared in different countries, and one can see how Jews are spreading world wide by flights from racist Christian laws. Therefore there is one factor which has to change: racist "Christian" Church and Vatican.

AND ALL THESE CONNECTIONS OF PERSECUTIONS AND DESTRUCTIONS ALSO COUNT FOR OTHER MINORITIES.

DON'T REPEAT THIS DESTRUCTIVE WORK, BUT LIVE TOGETHER AND LIVE WITH LOGIC AND WITH LIFE SUPPORTING FORCES.

PEACE IS FOR FREE.

Michael Palomino, 2012


JEWS IN EUROPE

Jewry in Albania with flight immigrations and deportations: http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/albanien/EncJud_juden-in-Albanien-ENGL.html

Jews in Austria with the description how the racist "Christian" kings "played" with the Jews:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/oe/EncJud_juden-in-oe01-MA-ENGL.html

then they invented the word "useful" Jews:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/oe/EncJud_juden-in-oe02-16jh-19jh-ENGL.html

and Nazi occupation provoked a huge emigration wave and deportations:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/oe/EncJud_juden-in-oe05-1938-1945-ENGL.html

and 1945 Austria was one of the DP centers for displaced persons, Jewish survivors for further emigration:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/oe/EncJud_juden-in-oe06-1945-1970-ENGL.html

Jews in Vienna, here are more details about plundering, aryanization, emigrations and deportations during German Nazi times:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/oe/EncJud_juden-in-Wien04-holocaust-1938-1945-ENGL.html

and 1945 Vienna was parted as Berlin was parted, and was DP center:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/oe/EncJud_juden-in-Wien05-1945-1970-ENGL.html

Jewry in Belgium in a back and forth by persecutions (Black Death), settlements and equal rights (Napoleon) and deportations (Nazi times):
http://www.hist-chron.com/belgien-index.html

Jewry in Bielorussia with tolerance and massacre outbreaks,with Soviet rule (deportations) and Nazi rule (more deportations) and again Soviet rule (again deportations):
http://www.hist-chron.com/BSSR-index.html

Jews in Bulgaria with Jews from Byzantium, Bavaria, and Spain, no emancipation, but self-defense and deportations during Holocaust times, followed by Soviet communism:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/bulg/EncJud_juden-in-Bulgarien-ENGL.html

Jews in CSSR e.g. during Nazi persecutions with a big emigration wave:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/CSSR/EncJud_juden-in-CSSR02-2wk-holocaust-ENGL.html

Jews in Denmark with Jewish refugees from Czarist Russia and flight movement to Sweden with Danish fisher boats:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/DK/EncJud_juden-in-Daenemark-ENGL.html

Jews in Germany during Middle Ages with persecutions, bans and crusade massacres:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/D/EndJud_juden-in-Deutschland-01-MA-ENGL.html

Jews in Germany in Nazi times 1933 to 1939 with discriminations and with a big emigration wave:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/D/EndJud_juden-in-Deutschland-05-3R-1933-1939-ENGL.html

Jews in Germany during WW II 1939 to 1945 with deportations and mass killings:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/D/EndJud_juden-in-Deutschland-06-2wk-u-holocaust-ENGL.html

Jews in Berlin during Nazi times with discriminations and deportations:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/D/EndJud_juden-in-Berlin03-3R-u-2wk-ENGL.html

Jews in Berlin after 1945 with DP camps of Jewish survivors and reconstruction work:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/D/EndJud_juden-in-Berlin04-1945-1970-ENGL.html

Jews in Frankfort on the Main

-- in the Middle Ages with Jewish Street ghetto:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/D/EndJud_juden-in-Frankfurt-am-Main01-MA-judengasse-ENGL.html

-- enlightenment, Napoleon and emancipation:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/D/EndJud_juden-in-Frankfurt-am-Main02-aufkl-Nap-emanz-ENGL.html

-- Holocaust period with boycott day, aryanizations, concentration camps, 50% emigration and deportations:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/D/EndJud_juden-in-Frankfurt-am-Main03-3R-hol-nachkriegszeit-ENGL.html

Jews in England with crusade pogroms and a complete ban at the end:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/GB/EncJud_juden-in-England01-mittelalter-ENGL.html

Jews in England during World War II with flight from German bombs and with Jewish immigration wave from continental Europe:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/GB/EncJud_juden-in-England06-1933-1948-ENGL.html

Jews in France during Middle Ages with crusade pogroms and expulsions:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/F/EncJud_juden-in-Frankreich02-kreuzzuege-u-vertreibungen-ENGL.html

Jews in France with Dreyfus affair provoking the fanatic idea of a "Jewish State" by Herzl:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/F/EncJud_Dreyfus-affaire-1894-1906-ENGL.html

Jews in France during World War II with a Big Flight to Central and South of France:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/F/EncJud_juden-in-Frankreich08-holocaust-1940-1944-ENGL.html

above all from Alsace:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/F/EncJud_juden-im-Elsass-ENGL.html

Jews in Georgia near Caucasus region are not only one of the eldest Jewish groups, but received also parts of the Jewish refugees of the Jewish Big Flight from Barbarossa in 1941 and above all in 1942:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/georgien/EncJud_juden-in-Georgien-ENGL.html

Jews in Greece with "Christian" and Ottoman law, compare well who was more tolerant!!!
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/griechenland/EncJud_juden-in-gr06-christen-ottomanen-ENGL.html

Jews in parted Greece during Second World War, compare well the laws of Italian, Bulgarian, and German zone and what happened when Italy changed the side!!!
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/griechenland/EncJud_juden-in-gr08-geteilt-1940-1944-ENGL.html

Jews in Holland during "Golden Age" of colonialism, nobody was against racist colonialism!!!
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/holland/EncJud_juden-in-NL02-17jh-ENGL.html

Jews in Holland during Nazi times with discriminations, Jewish badge, aryanizations and deportations:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/holland/EncJud_juden-in-NL05-holocaust-ENGL.html

Starving winter in Holland 1944/1945, but read exactly how this was provoked from both sides, Dutch exile government in London and German government (from Dr. D'Adamo):
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/holland/hungerwinter-holland-1944-1945-me-ENGL.html

Jews in Hungary came in Roman times and suffered the whole scale of persecutions up to Nazi times with discriminations, aryanizations and deportations:
http://www.hist-chron.com/ungarn-index.html

Jews in Italy always had to take the flight from racist Vatican and ghettos were since 1555:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/it/EncJud_juden-in-Italien02-zenith-bis-1500-ghettos-ab-1555-ENGL.html

and racist Vatican also blocked enlightenment and equality of course:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/it/EncJud_juden-in-Italien03-emanzipation-gg-Vatikan1815-1937-ENGL.html

Jews in Italy under Mussolini suffered some discriminations, but deportations came only under German Nazi law:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/it/EncJud_juden-in-Italien04-holocaust1938-1945-ENGL.html

Jews in parted Jugoslavia (Yugoslavia) 1940-1944, special story, and there were no deportations from Italian zone, until Italy changed the side and Germans took over the territory:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/jugoland/EncJud_juden-im-jugoland-03-holocaust-1941-1944-ENGL.html

Jews in Latvia with mass flight during First World War and anti-Jewish dictatorship since 1934, and with Stalin's sovietization wit deportations and Holocaust times during Second World War:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/jugoland/EncJud_juden-im-jugoland-03-holocaust-1941-1944-ENGL.html

Jews in Lithuania suffering sovietization in 1940 and Stalin deportations, then with Big Flight from Barbarossa to inner SU, and then Holocaust times under German Nazi rule for those who had not fled:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/Litauen/EncJud_juden-in-Litauen03-sowjetisierung-u-holocaust-1939-1944-ENGL.html

Jews in Vilna with sovietization and Stalin deportations, then with Holocaust under Nazi law with  Ponary execution site and ghetto fight and partisans:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/Litauen/EncJud_juden-in-Vilna02-wk1-nationalismus-holocaust-soviets-ENGL.html

Jews in Luxembourg with back and forth of persecutions, and with a big emigration wave and Big Flight to South of France and deportation of who did not leave:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/Luxemburg/EncJud_juden-in-Luxemburg-ENGL.html

Jews in Norway with flight to Sweden when German Nazi occupation came:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/norwegen/EncJud_juden-in-Norwegen-ENGL.html

Jews in Poland came from expulsions from Central Europe by Black Plague persecutions:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/PL/EncJud_juden-in-Polen01-kolonisierung-ENGL.html

Jews in Poland after emancipation were suffering more anti-Semitism in Poland:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/PL/EncJud_juden-in-Polen03-1772-1914-ENGL.html

Jews in Poland since 1919 suffered anti-Semitism as a state's policy (!!!):
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/PL/EncJud_juden-in-Polen04-1919-1939-ENGL.html

Jews in parted Poland 1939-1945 were systematically deprived with confiscations, ghettos and mass shootings, getting "space" for Germans:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/PL/EncJud_juden-in-Polen05-0-holocaust-generell-ENGL.html

Jews in Poland after 1945 suffered once again Polish anti-Semitic attacks provoking one more emigration wave, racist Polish population could not behave:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/PL/EncJud_juden-in-Polen07-pogrome-u-massenflucht-1946-1947-ENGL.html

Jews in Portugal had to wear a Jewish badge in 14th century and were driven out in 15th century by envy of racist "Jesus" Church:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/portugal/EncJud_juden-in-port02-14-15jh-ENGL.html

Jews in Portugal suffered also the stake:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/portugal/EncJud_juden-in-port03-inquisition-ENGL.html

Jews in Portugal (and in the colonies) were not allowed from 1500 to 1800 appr. and official aim always war conversion to racist Catholic Church:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/portugal/EncJud_juden-in-port04-1800-1933-ENGL.html

Jews in Portugal got transit visas during Nazi times 1933-1945:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/portugal/EncJud_juden-in-port05-1933-1945-ENGL.html

Jews in Rumania / Romania during Second World War were deported to camps with mass death, but Rumania was also station for illegal Zionist emigration to Palestine (to the next war field):
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/rumaenien/EncJud_juden-in-rum-2wk01-ENGL.html

Jews in Rumania and resistance during Nazi period:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/rumaenien/EncJud_juden-in-rum-2wk02-widerstand-ENGL.html

Jews in Rumania under communist regime since 1944, racist Zionism with it's eternal war against Muslim countries is forbidden there:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/rumaenien/EncJud_juden-in-rum-1944-1971-01-zionisten-ENGL.html

Jews in Spain had a great cultural development under Muslim rule and were great translators for "Christian" Central Europe:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/sp/EncJud_juden-in-spanien02-muslimisches-recht-ab-711-ENGL.html

Jews in Spain suffering definite expulsion in 1492 by racist "Christians" by the reproach of collaboration with the Muslims, the Jews emigrated to North Africa, Holland, or Italy or also Turkey:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/sp/EncJud_juden-in-spanien06-conversos-ab1391-vertreibung-1492-ENGL.html

Jews in Spain were officially tolerated only since 1868 again, civil war between Communists and Franco destroyed all Jewish institutions, then during WWII Jewish refugees came from France:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/sp/EncJud_juden-in-spanien07-1868-1970-ENGL.html

Jews in Madrid suffering massacres, expulsions, Jewish badge, elimination in 1492  and reestablishment only in 1869:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/sp/EncJud_juden-in-Madrid-ENGL.html

Jews in Ottoman Empire had their center in Constantinople and accepted Jewish refugees from Spain and Portugal:
http://www.hist-chron.com/ottoman/EncJud_juden-ottoman03-Konstantinopel-u-fluechtinge-Sp-Port-ENGL.html

Jews in Ottoman Empire could spread in Northern Africa where Ottoman Reich was spreading:
http://www.hist-chron.com/ottoman/EncJud_juden-ottoman04-bes-Naher-Osten-ENGL.html

Only when Ottoman Empire was going down anti-Jewish laws were introduced:
http://www.hist-chron.com/ottoman/EncJud_juden-ottoman07-zersetzung-antijued-gesetze-ENGL.html

But Jews in Ottoman Empire got equality in 1839 already, with chief rabbis in Jerusalem since 1841:
http://www.hist-chron.com/ottoman/EncJud_juden-ottoman08-rechtsgleichheit-1839-ENGL.html

And then racist Zionism and nationalist movements destroyed Ottoman Empire:
http://www.hist-chron.com/ottoman/EncJud_juden-ottoman15-1876-1908-ENGL.html

Jews in Turkey under Atatürk were citizens of "second class" like "Christians":
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/tuerkei/EncJud_juden-in-Tuerkei01-Atatuerk-ab-1923-ENGL.html

Jews in Turkey suffered some taxes and restrictions in 1942, but in 1944 all was abrogated again:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/tuerkei/EncJud_juden-in-Tuerkei02-diskriminierungen-1942-1944-ENGL.html

And in Istanbul racist Zionism splitting the world against all Muslims was forbidden:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/tuerkei/EncJud_juden-in-Istanbul06-nationale-rep-1923-1970-ENGL.html

Jews in Ukraine suffered heavy persecutions by "Christian" Church, and e.g. by Chmielnicky pogroms 1648-1650:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/ukraine/EncJud_chmielnicki-pogroms-1648-1650-ENGL.html

Jews in Kiev suffered persecutions without end by racist "Christian" Church anti-Semitism up to the Nazi times, and under Soviet law in 1945 racist Zionism splitting the whole world against all Muslims was forbidden:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/ukraine/EncJud_juden-in-Kiew-ENGL.html


Jews in Switzerland (Shitzerland, you will see, this word is right for this country) suffered also a back and forth with Black Plague persecutions etc., Jews on stake, expulsion until Napoleon came, and then Jewish refugees regulated by "J" stamp in the passport (decisive force in the police in Berne: Rothmund):
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/ch/EncJud_juden-in-der-Schweiz-1200-1970-ENGL.html

But: Rich Jews in Switzerland also rejected new Jewish refugees:
http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/ch/juden-gegen-juden.htm

How Jews were treated in Nazi Switzerland 1933-1945, how Swiss Nazi government was collaborating with Hitlers Third Reich with credits without limits, how Swiss Nazi government was prepared for being a Gau of the Third Reich with prepared ovens of porcelain factory in Langenthal, how Jewish bank accounts were robbed in Switzerland for SS representatives "in Black", how robbed Jewish stock exchange documents were sold for German NS profits in Zurich stock exchange, and how Nazi Switzerland got NO denazification after 1945 but was going on helping the big Nazis for their flight to Argentina via Berne (again Rothmund!) when there was no pressure from abroad, how journalists were persecuted in Switzerland (Nazi government member von Steiger against Surava), how Swiss lawyers cashed Jewish bank accounts of Jews not coming back not giving the Jewish money to the Jewish organizations, and how Shitzerland's policy was hiding all this criminal Swiss Nazi past up to the 1990s even incriminating historians for their questions and works - that's why the word "Shitzerland" is right. All this and more is presented in this summary about Swiss criminalities in world politics:

http://www.hist-chron.com/eu/ch/kr/kriminelle-es-waren-schweizer-ENGL.html

These Swiss criminal politicians and bankers and lawyers called themselves "Christian"...


JEWS IN RUSSIA AND in GULAG "SOVIET UNION"

What racist "Christian Orthodox" Czar made with the Jewish population we can see here:

http://www.hist-chron.com/russland-bis-1917-index.html

Above all since parts of Poland were incorporated into Russia, the Czar ruled the Jews in a "Pale of settlement" and the Jews were driven into the towns:

http://www.hist-chron.com/russland-bis-1917/EncJud_ansiedlungsrayon01-gruendung-1772-ENGL.html

Shtetl was founded:
http://www.hist-chron.com/russland-bis-1917/EncJud_ansiedlungsrayon02-shtetl-rich-and-proletariat-ENGL.html

Discrimination by "Christian Orthodox" Czar was systematically:
http://www.hist-chron.com/russland-bis-1917/EncJud_ansiedlungsrayon03-dauerdiskriminierung-19jh-ENGL.html

Jewish children were taken converting them into "Christians" in the Russian army calling them "Cantonists":
http://www.hist-chron.com/russland-bis-1917/EncJud_ansiedlungsrayon03a-kantonistenkinder-17jh-1856-ENGL.html

Bad rumors against Jews were normal in racist "Christian Orthodox" Russia:
http://www.hist-chron.com/russland-bis-1917/EncJud_ansiedlungsrayon03b-blutverleumdungen-1799-nach1948-ENGL.html

Since 1881 anti-Semitism in racist "Christian Orthodox" Russia - with the mad reproach that Jews had murdered the Czar - provoked great emigration waves:
http://www.hist-chron.com/russland-bis-1917/EncJud_Russia03-russ-pogrom-angewohnheit-1881-1914-ENGL.html

Jews in Russia during World War I suffered deportations, mass flights and massacres until 1921:
http://www.hist-chron.com/russland-bis-1917/EncJud_Russia04-1wk-revolutionen1917-massaker-ENGL.html

Jews in Gulag Soviet Union were partly persecuted when they had been bourgeois before, religions were not allowed any more, but Yiddish culture was supported:
http://www.hist-chron.com/SU/EncJud_juden-in-SU01-kommunistenterror-ENGL.html

Jews in Gulag Soviet Union then suffered by collectivization and industrialization and moved in masses to Central Russia and into the cities:
http://www.hist-chron.com/SU/EncJud_juden-in-SU02-NEP-5j-plan-assimilation-ENGL.html

Jews in Gulag Soviet Union during WW II could partly take their flight to central Russia:
http://www.hist-chron.com/SU/EncJud_juden-in-SU03-2wk-ENGL.html

This Big Flight from Barbarossa is also prescribed in the articles about Caucasus:

http://www.hist-chron.com/SU/EncJud_Kaukasus-ENGL.html

and about Siberia:

http://www.hist-chron.com/SU/EncJudaica_Sibirien-ENGL.html

and in many other articles, too:

http://www.hist-chron.com/judentum-aktenlage/hol/EncJud_Stalin-deportations-Barbarossa-flight-ENGL/index.html

The precise procedures in Gulag Soviet Union from 1941 to 1945 saving millions of Jews are prescribed in the article "Holocaust, Rescue from":

http://www.hist-chron.com/judentum-aktenlage/hol/EncJud_rettung-vom-holocaust-ENGL-D.html

but at the same time millions of Jews were killed in the Red Army which is never mentioned in Encyclopaedia Judaica:

Benjamin Pinkus in his book "The Soviet Government and the Jews" is estimating 2,5-3 million Jewish victims in the Red Army during WWII: "I would estimate that the losses suffered by the Jewish population totaled between 12.5 % and 15 % of all Soviet war deaths (2.5-3 million out of the twenty million lost)." (p.23)


Jews in Gulag Soviet Union after 1948 were forbidden to leave the country and suffered three anti-Semitic waves because Zionist Israel was converted into an ally of Zionist CIA and criminal "USA" encircling Soviet Union and Israeli government did not want to be a communist ally of Gulag Soviet Union:
http://www.hist-chron.com/SU/EncJud_juden-in-SU04-1945-1971-verfolgung-ENGL.html

Jews in Gulag Soviet Union were also promised an own "republic" in Birobidzhan putting the Jews at the border to China, but this was not a big project:
http://www.hist-chron.com/SU/EncJudaica_Birobidzhan-ENGL.html

Jews in Gulag Soviet Union were forbidden to be Zionists, and Yiddish culture also was forbidden more and more for assimilation of the Jews:
http://www.hist-chron.com/SU/EncJud_yevsektsiya-ENGL.html

Jews in Moscow suffered the "normal" persecution of "Christian Orthodox" Church and then the fear of Nazi occupation in 1941-1942:
http://www.hist-chron.com/SU/EncJud_Moskau-ENGL.html

Well, but Encyclopaedia Judaica always mentions Soviet Union as a "liberator" against Nazi rule, and never mentions Gulag concentration camp system. Only with Glasnost and Gorbachev Jews could leave Soviet Union - and anarchy of Jelzin was established.


JEWS IN AFRICA

Jews in Egypt suffered ghettos even during Roman times:
http://www.hist-chron.com/afrika/aegypten/EncJud_juden-in-aegypten01-ENGL.html

Jews in Egypt under Arab rule had tolerance first, but when racist "Christian" crusaders came tolerance came to an end:
http://www.hist-chron.com/afrika/aegypten/EncJud_juden-in-aegypten03-1260-1517-mamluken-ENGL.html

Jews in Egypt under Ottoman rule had tolerance, but when racist Zionists founded "state of Israel" against all Muslims catastrophe happened in Egypt for the Jews:
http://www.hist-chron.com/afrika/aegypten/EncJud_juden-in-aegypten06-1945-1970-katastrophe-ENGL.html

Jews in Algeria had first Arab and then Turkish Ottoman rule, then French racist rule, compare well !!! And when French rule ended most Jews emigrated to France...
http://www.hist-chron.com/afrika/algerien-index.html

Jews in Libya had also Arab and then Turkish Ottoman rule, then Italian fascist rule, then English, then German Nazi rule and again English rule, and then Muslim pogroms because of racist Zionist Israel, and then Qaddafi...
http://www.hist-chron.com/afrika/Libyen-index.html

Jews in Morocco had Visigoth persecution and then different Muslim rules, Jewish refugees came in masses from Spain and Portugal, and at the end was French and Spanish and French Vichy rule (compare well!!!)
http://www.hist-chron.com/afrika/marokko-index.html

and King Hassan distinguished well racist Zionists from anti-Zionists:
http://www.hist-chron.com/afrika/marokko/EncJud_juden-in-Marokko11-verh-zu-Israel-ENGL.html

Jews in South Africa got the emancipation with the whites and were managing diamond trade and gold mines, and at the end were mostly strong Zionists without considering that this meant an eternal war against Muslims:
http://www.hist-chron.com/afrika/suedafrika-index.html

Jews in Tunisia had "golden times" under Arab rule:
http://www.hist-chron.com/afrika/tunesien/EncJud_juden-in-Tunesien02-arabisch-670-1228-ENGL.html

Jews in Tunisia suffered massacres under racist "Christian" Spaniards, and then Ottoman Empire saved the Jews from the racist Spaniards:
http://www.hist-chron.com/afrika/tunesien/EncJud_juden-in-Tunesien04-Spanien-u-ottomanen-ENGL.html

Jews in Tunisia then were developing under French colonialist law, suffered Vichy law, and then had French colonialist law again, until 1956 nationalization came:
http://www.hist-chron.com/afrika/tunesien/EncJud_juden-in-Tunesien05-frz-protektorat-1881-1956-ENGL.html


AND ALL THESE CONNECTIONS OF PERSECUTIONS AND DESTRUCTIONS ALSO COUNT FOR OTHER MINORITIES.

DON'T REPEAT THIS DESTRUCTIVE WORK, BUT LIVE TOGETHER.

PEACE IS FOR FREE.