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Stalin deportations - and the Big Flight from Barbarossa
Some data from some articles in the Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971

from Michael Palomino (2007)
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13. Ukraine
from: Ukraine; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 15
[The whole section about World War II is missing. One has to read the articles about the towns to get the information].
[1941 - Big Flight from Barbarossa - since 1944: Return of the Jews - claims for former possession and positions]
<After World War II.

During the last stages of World War II and in the period after it, when Nikita Khrushchev was the ruling party man of the Ukraine, Ukrainian Jews who, during the occupation, fled or were evacuated to Soviet Asia, began to stream back and claim their previous housing, possessions, and positions. They were met with outspoken hostility by most of the Ukrainians who had taken their place. The administration refused to interfere in favor of the Jews and generally showed "understanding" for the anti-Jewish reaction, even hushing up violent clashes (as, e.g., in Kiev).> (col. 1518)
-----
Ukraine: Towns
Borislav (Pol. Boryslaw)
from: Borislav; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 4
city in Ukrainian S.S.R. (until 1939, Galicia, Poland).

<In 1860 the Jewish population of Borislav numbered about 12,000; in 1890, 9,047 (out of a total of 10,424); in 1910, 5,753 (out of 12,767); in 1921 7,170 (out of 16,000); and in 1939 over 13,000.> (col. 1249)
[1939: Borislav: Sovietization]
<Holocaust and Postwar Periods.
When the town came under Soviet administration in 1939, the Jewish institutions were disbanded and the political parties ceased to function. Jewish merchants were forced out of business, while the artisans were organized into cooperatives.

[1939: Jewish refugees from western Poland - Stalin deportations]
Refugees from western Poland were deported from Borislav to the Soviet interior in summer of 1940.
[1941: Withdrawal of the Red Army - Big Flight from Barbarossa]
When the war with Germany broke out (June 1941) many young Jews joined the Soviet army, and others fled with the retreating Soviet authorities.> (col. 1249)
[1941-1944: NS occupation]
<The town fell to the Germans on July 1, 1941, and the following day the Ukrainians staged a pogrom [...] Judenrat [...] Aktion [...] labor camps of *Popiele, *Skole, and *Stryj, and about 5,000 Jews were sent to *Belzec death camp [...] ghettos [...] Jews who tried to hide in the forests and in the city itself were mostly caught and killed by the Germans, with the cooperation of local Ukrainians belonging mostly to the bands of Stefan Bandera. In April-July 1944 the local labor camp was liquidated and the last surviving members of the Jewish community were brought to *Plaszow labor camp from where they were sent on to death  or concentration camps in Germany.> (col. 1249)
[Death rate in the Red Army is not mentioned].
[1944: "SU" occupation]
<When Soviet forces took Borislav on Aug. 8, 1944, some 200 Jewish survivors were found in the forests and in lkocal hideouts. Another 200 Jews came back later from the Soviet Union and from German concentration camps.> (col. 1249)
[Emigration to Israel and "USA" is not mentioned].
<In 1970, the number of Jews in Borislav was estimated at 3,000.> (col. 1249)
-----
Dnepropetrovsk (until 1926: Yekaterinoslav) (Ukraine)
from: Dnepropetrovsk; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 6
<The Jewish population numbered 62,073 in 1926 (26.9% of the total) [...]

[Big Flight from Barbarossa: approx. 80 % can flee]
The number of Jews was estimated at 100,000 (one-fifth of the total population) on the eve of World War II. Most succeeded in escaping from the city during the Nazi occupation. Those who remained numbering about 20,000, were murdered toward the end of 1941.
[Jews coming back in 1945-1946 are not mentioned].
According to the 1959 census there were 13,256 Jews living in Dnepropetrovsk.> (col. 141)
-----
Dubno (Ukraine)
from: Dubno; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 6
<city in *Volhynia, Ukrainian S.S.R.> (col. 249)
<In 1780 the Jewish population numbered 2,325, in 1847, 6,330, and in 1897, 7,108 (about half the total).> (col. 250)
[1939-1941: Sovietization - Jewish refugees from western Poland - public kitchen]
<Holocaust and Postwar Periods.

After the outbreak of World War II Dubno was occupied by Soviet forces (Sept. 18, 1939). The Soviet authorities liquidated the Jewish community institutions, made all political parties illegal, transferred Jewish welfare institutions to the municipality, and allowed only one Jewish activity - the public kitchen for refugees from the West. All Jewish economic enterprises and buildings were nationalized. Jewish leaders, among them David >Perl, president of the Zionist Organization, were arrested.> (col. 250)
[Stalin deportations are not mentioned].
[1941: Big Flight from Barbarossa]
<When the German-Soviet war broke out (June 1941), hundreds of young Jewish men escaped from Dubno to the Soviet interior. On the eve of the Nazi occupation there were about 12,000 Jews in the city.> (col. 250)
[1941-1944: NS occupation]
<After the Germans entered Dubno (June 25), the local Ukrainian population indulged in acts of murder and robbery, while the Germans extracted 100,000 rubles (20,000 $) from the Jewish community [...] Judenrat [...] forced labor [...] public kitchens [...] ghetto was established at the beginning of April 1942, and on May 27 the Nazi police moved in and "selected" over 5,000 "non-productive" Jews [...] final Aktion.> (col. 250)
[1944: "SU" occupation]
<When the war was over only about 300 Jews from Dubno remained alive, including those who had returned from the Soviet Union. No Jewish community was reestablished after the war. A society of immigrants from Dubno has been established in Israel.> (col. 250)
[Death rate in the Red Army and emigration of the Jews coming back from the inner "SU" are not mentioned].

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Gorodok (Ukraine)
from: Gorodok; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 7
Gorodok (Pol. Gródek Jagiellonski)
<In World War I the Jews of Gorodok and its surroundings suffered severely during the fighting between the Russian and Austrian armies in 1915, and subsequently in 1918-19 during the struggle between the Poles and Ukrainians. There were 2,545 Jews living in the city itself (24% of the population) and 1,414 in the villages in 1921, and 3,281 in 1931.> (col. 814)
[1939: Jewish refugees from western Poland]
<Holocaust Period.
With the German invasion of Poland on Sept. 1, 1939, many Jewish refugees from western Poland arrived in the city, and by 1941 the Jewish population numbered over 5,000. From October 1939 until the outbreak of the German-Soviet war in June 1941 the city was occupied by the Soviets.> (col. 814)
[Stalin deportations not mentioned, withdrawal of the Red Army and the Big Flight from Barbarossa are not mentioned].
[1941-1944: NS occupation]
<In July 1941 the Germans [and the collaborators] captured Gorodok, (col. 814)
and neighboring farmers, mainly Ukrainians, attacked the Jews there. Conscription into forced labor camps in Jaktorow and Winniki continued through the autumn of 1941 and 1942. On May 19, 1942, several hundred Jews were deported to Janowska camp in Lvov. On August 13, a large number were deported to the extermination camp in Belzec. On Jan. 21 and Feb. 3, 1943, additional deportations took place. The ghetto was liquidated in May 1943. The last Jews of Gorodok were shot and buried in mass graves near Artyszczow.> (col. 815)
[Death rate in the Red Army, returning Jews and emigration is not mentioned].
-----
Kiev (Ukraine)
from: Kiev; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 10
<The Jews in Kiev suffered heavily during the famine and typhus outbreak of 1920. In the August 1920 census they constituted one third of the town's population. In 1923 Kiev had 128,000 Jews (32%), 140,256 (27.3%) in 1926, and in 1939, 175,000 (c. 20%).> (col. 994)
Table: Jews in Kiev 1923-1939
Year
 		number of Jews
 		% of the total population
1923
 		128,000
 		32%
1926
 		140,256
 		27.3%
1939
 		175,000
 		20%
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (from: Kiev; In: Enc. Jud. 1971, Vol. 10, col. 994)


[1941: Big Flight from Barbarossa]
<Holocaust Period.

The fall of the city to the Germans on Sept. 21, 1941 marked the end of Kiev Jewry. Some of the 175,000 Jews living in Kiev in 1939 managed to flee eastward to central Russia just before the Nazi occupation, but the vast majority was slaughtered by the Einsatzgruppe C.> (col. 995)
[But many could flee from Kiev, because NS troops were late in South Easter Europe, as the article about Russia says]:
<The Jews in the areas that were occupied by the Germans at a later date, such as Kiev (September 19) and Odessa (October 16), did in large measure succeed in escaping in time, either individually or within the organized evacuation of government employees, of functionaries of institutions, and of workers in factories.>
(from: Russia; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 14, col. 474)

[since 1944: Jews coming  back - claims for former possession and positions not considered]
<After World War II.

At the end of World War II, when thousands of Jews began to return to liberated Kiev, they often encountered a hostile attitude on the part of the Ukrainian population, many of whom had been given, or taken, the dwellings and jobs of the absent Jews. There were even isolated physical clashes between Jews and Ukrainians. During the next 15 years, however, the number of Jews in Kiev reached more than 200,000 (officially, in the 1959 census, their number was 154,000, 13.9% of the total population). nearly 15% of them declared Yiddish to be their mother tongue. Out of about 14,000 Jews living in the smaller towns of the Kiev district, around 33% declared Yiddish to be their mother tongue.> (col. 996)
-----
Odessa (Ukraine)
from: Odessa; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 12
<According to the general censuses there were 139,984 Jews (34.65% of the population) in 1897; 153,194 Jews (36.4%) in 1926; 180,000 (29.8%) in 1939; and 106,700 Jews (c. 16%) in 1959.> (col. 1320)
Table: Jews in Odessa 1897-1959
Year
 		number of Jews
 		% of the total population
1897
 		139,984
 		34.65%
1926
 		153,194
 		36.4%
1939
 		180,000
 		29.8%
1959
 		106,700
 		16%
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
 		xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
 		(from: Odessa; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 12, col. 1320)

[Summer 1941: Odessa is a town for refugees - draft to the Red Army - Big Flight from Barbarossa]
<Holocaust Period.

After June 21, 1941, many Jews from Bukovina, Bessarabia, and western Ukraine fled from German and Romanian rule to Odessa. Some Jews in Odessa were called up to the Red Army, and many others left during the two months' siege of the city.

When Odessa was occupied on Oct. 16, 1941, by General Ciuperca's Fourth Romanian Army assisted by German units, 80,000-90,000 Jews remained in Odessa.> (col. 1325)
[So about half of the Jews had been able to flee].
[1941-1944: Odessa: NS occupation]
<massacres, deported to camps [...] judenrein [...] On Dec. 7, 1941, Odessa became the capital of Transnistria [...] By February 23, 19,582 Jews were dispatched in 43 overcrowded convoys by cattle truck and then by train from Odessa to Berezovka. The bodies of 50 to 60 people who died in each transport were burned near the arrival platform in the sight of their families. From Berezovka, the Jews, divided into groups, were sent by a forced march to the camps in the districts of Berezovka and Golta. Most of those sent to the Golta died from frost, (col. 1326)
starvation, or disease in the stables where they were quartered [...] After the last convoy left on Feb. 23, 1942, Odessa was proclaimed judenrein [...]In August 1942 Alexianu and SS-Brigadefuehrer Hoffmeyer - head of Sonderkommando R - signed an agreement transferring to the 7,500 Volksdeutsche living in Odessa all the local Jewish-owned apartments, including the furniture.  [...].> (col. 1327)
[since 1944: Odessa: SU occupation - Jews are coming back - Odessa as a Jewish center]
<Soviet troops under General Malinovsky returned to Odessa on April 10, 1944. It is estimated that at the time of liberation, a few thousand Jews were living in Odessa, some of them under false documents or in hiding in the catacombs. Others were given shelter by non-Jewish families. There had been numerous informers among the local Russians and Ukrainians but also persons who risked their liberty and even their lives to save Jews. [...] (col. 1327)
<Contemporary Period.
After the Jewish survivors returned, Odessa became one of the largest Jewish centers of the Soviet Union. However there was no manifestation of communal or cultural life. Until 1956 Israel vessels visited the port of Odessa for loading and unloading, and Israel sailors visited the harbor club and were seen in the city's streets.> (col. 1327)
-----
Vinnitsa (Ukraine)
from: Vinnitsa; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 16
[Vinnitsa: Jewish population 1926: 21,812 - Jewish population 1959: 19,500]
<In 1926 there were 21,812 Jews (41%). The *Yevsektsiya waged a savage campaign to destroy the religious and national life of the Jews of Vinnitsa, and the town became a center of its activities throughout Podolia. A Jewish pedagogic institute was established and during the late 1930s, a Communist Yiddish newspaper (Proletarisher Emes) was published in Vinnitsa.

[The Big Flight from Barbarossa is not mentioned]
A few months after the occupation of the town by the Germans [and their collaborators], on Rosh Ha-Shanah, Sept. 22, 1941, 28,000 Jews of the town and its surroundings were exterminated in Vinnitsa.

[The returning of the Jews from inner "SU" is not mentioned]
According to the 1959 census, there were about 19,500 Jews (c. 16% of the total population) in Vinnitsa.> (col. 159)
-----
Vladimir Volynski (Ukraine)
from: Vladimir Volynski; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 16
<formerly Lodomira, Pol. Wlodzimierz, in Jewish sources: Lodmer, Ladmir, or Ludmir, city in Volin oblast.> (col. 200)
<There were 5,917 Jews there in 1921 comprising 51% of the population, and by 1931, 10,665 (44%).> (col. 201)
[1939: Jewish refugees from western Poland]
<Holocaust Period.

When the war broke out between Germany and Poland on Sept. 1, 1939, thousands of Jews from western Poland sought refuge in the city, bringing the number of Jews in the city to 25,000.> (col. 201)
[1939-1941: Sovietization - Stalin deportations]
<When the city passed to Soviet rule (1939-41), a unique effort was made by the Jews of the city to guarantee a Hebrew education for the children [...] In the summer of 1940 many Zionist leaders and refugees were exiled to the Soviet interior.> (col. 201)
[The withdrawal of the Red Army and the Big Flight from Barbarossa are not mentioned].
[1941-1944: NS occupation]
[...] Judenrat [...] forced labor to the Kiev area [...] On April 13, 1942 a ghetto was set up in two sections: one for skilled craftsmen, nicknamed by the Jews "the ghetto of life", and a second ghetto for the non-productive, called the "ghetto of the dead". They contained altogether about 22,000 Jews [...] Aktion [...] On Dec. 13, 1943 the last of the Jewish community was liquidated, and many of those who tried to escape were killed by Ukrainian peasants or members of the Polish underground Armia Krajowa.>
[1944: "SU" occupation]
<The city was freed from the Germans [and their collaborators] on July 22, 1944, at which time only a few dozen Jews were found alive. A society of former residents of the city functions in Israel.> (col. 201)
[Jews coming back from the inner of the "SU" and emigration to Israel and "USA" are not mentioned, but without emigration of the survivors of the inner "SU" there would not be a society in Israel].
-----
Zbarazh (Pol. Zbaraz)
from: Zbarazh; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 16
<The census records 3,000 Jewish residents.> (col. 944)
[1939: Jewish refugees from NS occupied western Poland - NS extermination regime
<Holocaust Period.
During World War II the Jewish population reached 5,000 with the arrival of refugees from western Poland. After the German occupation, the Jewish survivors from Skalat, Grzymalow, and Podwoloczyska were brought into Zbaratz. [...] pogrom In spring of 1942 some 600 sick and aged persons were marched off toward Tarnopol and murdered on the way. Other Jews were deported to the labor camps of *Kamenka-Bugskaya and Zborow [...] Aktion Belzec extermination camp [...] The ghetto established in the autumn of 1942 was demolished on June 8, 1943. Some Jews hid in the Polish village of Kretowce. Some 60 Jews from the city survived the Holocaust.> (col. 944)
-----
Zholkva (Ukraine)
from: Zholkva; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 16
Zholkva (Pol. Zolkiew) [...] in formerly Galicia
<The Jews in Zholkva numbered 4,100 (about half the total population) at the end of the 19th century; in 1931 there were 4,500.> (col. 1015)
[Big Flight from Barbarossa is stopped by NS troops]
<Holocaust Period.

The Jewish population numbered over 5,000 in June 1941. After the outbreak of war between Germany and the U.S.S.R., the quick collapse of the Soviet front prevented Jews fleeing eastward from reaching safety.

[NS occupation]
The Germans [and their collaborators] entered the city on June 28, 1941, and within a few days burned down its synagogues [...] Judenrat [...] Aktion [...] transports to Belzec. The Jews who escaped from the death train transports to Belzec were helped in particular [...] In a second Aktion on Nov. 2-23, 1942, 2,500 persons were shipped to Belzec. Numerous victims attempted escape from the trains; the rails were strewn with their corpses [...] ghetto [...] epidemic broke out with a mortality rate rising to 20 a day [...] Janowska Street labor camp [...] (col. 1015)
[SU occupation]
Zholkva was taken by Soviet forces on July 23, 1944. About 70 Jews survived the Holocaust.> (col. 1016)
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Zolochev (Pol. Zloczow) (Ukraine)
from: Zolochev; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 16
<The Zolochev community numbered 1,150 in 1765; 5,401 (51.9% of the total population) in 1900; 5,744 in 1921; and 5,700 in 1931.> (col. 1218)
[1939: Jewish refugees from NS occupied western Poland]
<Holocaust Period.
When World War II broke out, on Sept. 1, 1939, Jewish refugees from western Poland arrived, and the Jewish population of the town increased to 14,000. (col. 1218)
[1939-1941: Sovietization - Stalin deportations]
Under Soviet rule (1939-41) the Jewish communal bodies were disbanded and the activities of the Jewish political parties were forbidden. A number of the Jewish refugees were exiled to the Soviet interior in the summer of 1940.

[1941: Big Flight from Barbarossa]
When the war broke out between Germany and the U.S.S.R. on June 22, 1941, groups of Jews attempted to cross over to the Soviet interior, but were turned back by Soviet patrols.

[Organized withdrawal of the Red Army and flight within the Red Army withdrawal is not mentioned].
[NS occupation]
<[...] pogrom [...] Judenrat [...] Belzec extermination camp [...] Aktion [...] On April 2, 1943, the ghetto was liquidated; the inmates were shot in Jelechowice.> (col. 1218)

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