from:
-- Migration; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 16
-- Israel, State of; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol.
9
-- History;
in: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 8
Jewish migration
movements 1915-May 1948
(from: Migration; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 16)
<1915-May
1948.
In some ways, this is an intermediate period between the
intensive migration movements preceding and following it
that turned to the U.S. and to the new State of Israel,
respectively. It was also the period in which the *Holocaust
occurred, profoundly changing the entire demographic makeup
of the Jewish people. This period can be broken down into
several subdivisions; common to most of them was the
existence of restrictions to the free movement of Jewish
migrants. The main statistical data on the period are
concentrated in Tables 4 and 5 [[see below]].
[1915-1919:
Flight of Jews within Europe from the territories of
conflicts]
During and immediately after World War I, intercontinental
migrations of Jews dwindled, but there were large movements
of Jewish refugees in Europe to escape from the areas of the
hostilities and of some of the subsequent political
upheavals.
[[And there was also a flight of Jews to other continents.
By this the racist Herzl Zionist center changed from Europe
to the "USA"]]:
[1919-1926:
Emigration to overseas, to "USA", Palestine and to South
America]
Then [[after 1919]] the volume of overseas migrations
swelled again, comprising more than 400,000 Jews during
1921-25; 280,000 went to the U.S. of whom nearly 120,000
arrived during the year ending in mid-1921.
In the same year [[1921]], Jews accounted for 15% of all
immigrants to the U.S., and in the following year the figure
rose to 17%. On the other hand, during 1921-24 the number of
Jewish emigrants from the U.S. amounted to less than 1% of
the number of Jewish immigrants. In Palestine, newly under
British Mandatory rule, increased Jewish immigration came in
response to the promise of a Jewish National Home. During
1919-26 (Third Aliyah and major part of the Fourth Aliyah),
nearly 100,000 Jews immigrated to Erez Israel. Other streams
of Jewish migrants found their way to South America. In
Europe, the tendency continued for Jews to move from
countries in the east to Central and Western Europe.>
(Migration, col. 1522)
<The
Balfour Declaration, and later on the *Mandate for
Palestine conferred on the British, opened the long and
tortuous path to the State of Israel. At the time many saw
the opportunity and did not estimate the difficulties.
United States Jewry emerged as the great political force
and financial mainstay for all Jewish activity.>
(from: History; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 8,
col. 757)
[[Arabs are not asked...]]
[since 1919: Russian Herzl
Zionists change to the "USA" - racist Herzl Zionism has
it's center now in the "USA"]
<Thus, at the end of World War I, clearly conceived
Jewish policies were brought into effect through the
importance of the new Jewish concentration in the United
States, the ability and readiness for sacrifice among the
intelligentsia circles of Russian origin, and the devotion
and courage of the pioneers in Erez Israel. The latter
also had not only kept the Jewish settlements intact under
the hostile Turkish regime, but had undergone the ordeal
of severe persecution after the discovery of the Nili spy
group.>
(from: History; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 8, col.
756)
[[When one considers that Herzl says that the Arabs can be
driven away like the natives in the "USA", and when one
considers that the racist Herzl Zionists are now just in
the "USA" where the natives had been driven away and
largely exterminated the Herzl Zionists found just the
right country to found their new center to plan the
extermination of the Arabs. But the Arabs had got weapons
from the British and could not to be exterminated that
easily like Herzl is describing in his booklet]].
 Encyclopaedia
Judaica
/ Lestschinsky: Map of the Jewish emigration
from Europe to other continents 1915-39
(from: History; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971,
vol. 8, col. 753-754)
|
| Table. Jewish Emigration
from Europe 1915-1939 |
|
to
North "America":
|
1915-1930
|
1931-1939
|
|
to
Canada
|
40,150xxxxx
|
5,700xxxxx |
|
to
"USA"
|
411,730xxxxx |
97,800xxxxx |
to
South "America":
|
|
|
|
to
Brazil
|
31,435xxxxx |
23,675xxxxx |
|
to
Uruguay
|
10,950xxxxx |
10,957xxxxx |
|
to
Argentina
|
76,937xxxxx |
27,490xxxxx |
to
Africa and Asia:
|
|
|
|
to
South Africa
|
15,580xxxxx |
9,810xxxxx |
|
to
Erez Israel (Palestine)
|
85,944xxxxx |
223,000xxxxx |
to
Australia
|
|
7,000xxxxx |
| Table by Michael Palomino
from the map above; from: History; In:
Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 8, col. 753-754 |
[[There is no indication if illegal emigration is
considered or not. One can admit that illegal emigration
or emigration under other national quotas is not
considered. Also the important emigration to Great Britain
resp. England is missing, also Cuba that was stop-over for
emigration to the criminal racist "USA", and also Chile]].
[[Supplement:
The racist Versailles conference
The racist conference of Versailles did not allow Arab
national states in the Middle East and neither any
solution for the Jews (Human Rights are fact in Europe
since 1948 only, and minority rights could be handled
individually). So the Herzl Zionist groups and the Arab
groups were fighting on. So the Zionists - which came from
the Pale of Settlement - went from one fight (in Russia,
against the czar) to another one (in Palestine, against
all Arabs) and got always media presence, and many Jews
did not see this eternal war in Palestine and also went to
Palestine, because Zionists never spoke about Arabs. And
also disorientated European non-Jews migrated to that
organized powder keg...]]
[1919-1921:
War in Eastern Europe - Jews are hit - Soviet Union
closes the borders]
<At the same time [[when Jewish Zionists developed the
mainstay in "USA" 1919-1921]] the massacres perpetrated by
the Ukrainian and White Russian bands and armies on Jews
in pogroms in the Russian civil war, the cruelty and
hostility displayed toward them by many of the new
national states in Europe, and the social and spiritual
crisis in Germany presaged future dangers and
complexities.>
(from: History; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 8,
col. 757)
[since
1921: Restrictions for emigration in "USA", Canada, South
"America", Australia, Palestine and in Western Europe]
<The post-World War I migration impetus, which continued,
as it were, the prewar trend, was soon halted by a
combination of factors, among which the following were
outstanding:
RESTRICTIONS ON IMMIGRATION.
In the U.S., the previously almost unfettered influx of
overseas migrants was curbed by two laws, enacted in 1921
and 1924. The limitations imposed by the second law - annual
quotas for each country of origin, amounting to no more than
2% of the respective immigrant population already in the
country at the comparatively early date of 1890 - affected
with particular intensity prospective migrants from Eastern
Europe, i.e., from the main area of Jewish emigration. the
number of Jewish immigrants to the U.S. was thus forced down
drastically: it declined to little more than 10,000 per
annum during 1925-1930.
The other main immigration countries for Jews also
increasingly curbed immigration, through legislation and
administrative practice, by reducing the overall number of
immigrants permitted and / or by insisting on financial and
other requirements for their admission. Restrictions were
created both in overseas countries - e.g., Canada,
Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Australia, Palestine
(quotas based on economic "absorptive capacity"
[[implemented by the British government]]) - and in Western
Europe.
["Soviet
Union" stops Jewish emigration]
OBSTACLES TO EMIGRATION.
After the first few years of the Communist regime, the
Soviet Union began to frown on emigration and soon brought
it virtually to a standstill.
<Communist
domination in Russia cut off one of the most devoted
sectors of Zionist activity, Jewish cultural creativity,
and pioneer spirit from the main body of Jews in the world
and from participation in the settlement of Erez
Israel.>
(from:
History; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 8, col. 757)
[[When "Jewish cultural creativity" is going in the lines
of the Human Rights this would be really better than in a
Zionist Herzl war against all Arabs...]]
[Migration
because of economic conditions]
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.
After the political and economic dislocations in Europe in
the wake of World War I. which had also adversely affected
many Jews, a stabilization occurred there. In Palestine, on
the other hand, there were absorption difficulties and
unemployment, leading to relatively considerable emigration
in the later part of the 1920s.
[[Supplement:
Perpetual economic crisis in Eastern Europe since 1921 and
the reasons
Eastern Europe was always in economical crisis, because
-- it lost the big Russian market by the border lines of
Communist "Soviet Union"
-- it was split in little national states now and the border
lines were in connection with customs barriers.
(in: Yehuda Bauer: American
Joint
Distribution Committee: Unsuccessful Eastern Europe since
1919 and the reasons)
By this poverty in Eastern Europe continued, and also
emigration, often clandestine]].
[1926-1930:
More emigration to Latin "America"]
In the second (col. 1522)
half of the 1920s a majority of the then comparatively
infrequent Jewish overseas migrants went to countries other
than either the U.S. or Palestine - especially to Latin
America.
[[Supplement:
Anti-Jewish propaganda after the crash in New York in 1929
The economic crisis after the crash of 1929 was blamed to
the Jewish bankers and speculators at New York. But also
many "national" industrialists had influence at the stock
exchange, and many Jews were also struck by the crisis. So
all general blame was fault]].
[since
1930: Emigration from Europe because of crisis and
Hitler's anti-Semitism and his friendly states - and
closed havens]
In the 1930s, the objective motivation for Jewish emigration
from Central and Eastern Europe increased tragically, but
the would-be migrants encountered ever growing difficulties
in gaining admission to other countries. The special
motivation for departure arose from the accession of Hitler
to power in Germany, the spread of authoritarian and
more-or-less overtly anti-Semitic regimes in other states of
Europe, and the great economic depression, which affected
the livelihood of many Jews and provided further incentive
to anti-Semitic agitation.
However, with cruel irony, the very factors which made Jews
wish to leave rendered prospective immigration countries
unwilling to admit considerable numbers of Jews, so as to
avoid aggravating their own international and internal
problems. The more desperate the need to escape became for
large numbers of Jews, the more tightly most prospective
immigration countries shut the gates of entrance.
Whereas prior to World War I Jewish long-distance migration
was strongly determined by economic considerations, from the
1930s until quite recently it has been predominantly a
movement of refugees trying to escape oppression and unable
to return to their former land for political, racial, or
religious reasons. As opportunity allowed, Jews escaped from
Nazi horrors, from anti-Semitism and Communist regimes in
Eastern Europe and, especially after 1948, from the
outbursts of intolerance and fanaticism in Arab lands.
[[The Arab measures were an answer at the Jewish Zionist
Free Mason foundation of a racist, Jewish Zionist Free Mason
state of "Israel" without definition of borders. Many Jews
never wanted to have this Zionist state and were torn into
the wars of Free Masonry in connection with criminal CIA
from the "USA". Arab capitalists also were not so kind. They
sold desert to the Jews, and the Jews made the desert
fertile, and then the Arabs said this would be their
"land"]].
[1933-1939:
Finding of havens]
International efforts in the Nazi period to mitigate the
plight of the Jewish refugees and find them new homes -
e.g., through appointment of a special high commissioner for
refugees by the League of Nations as early as in the autumn
of 1933 and through the *Evian Conference of 1938 - led to a
few tangible results.
In the history of Jewish migration, the 1930s are
characterized by the following traits:
-- the prominence of emigrants from Central Europe - Germany
and, toward the end of the decade, Austria and
Czechoslovakia (about 350,000 Jews are estimated to have
left Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia before the
outbreak of World War II) [[add to this a part of the
non-Aryans which ware counted as Jews]]
-- the continuation of departures from Eastern Europe
(except for the U.S.S.R., where exit was barred)
-- and the growth in importance of Palestine as a major
destination for Jewish refugees (in addition to the
continuing idealistic motives for aliyah).
In the years 1934-36, Palestine attracted even a strong
majority of (Migration, col. 1524)
the intercontinental Jewish migrants.
[[Zionist groups prepared the young Jews with vocational
training for Palestine and other countries, and the Haavara
agreement permitted many German and Austrian Jews of the
upper class to emigrate to Palestine;
see: Yehuda Bauer: American Joint Distributed Committee]].
[1936:
British government limits immigration to Palestine -
illegal immigration]
Then the protracted Arab riots (1936-39) led to a
deterioration of the British authorities' immigration policy
toward the Jews. Under the shadow of the impending world
war, the British promulgated the White Paper of May 1939,
which severely curtailed Jewish immigration for the
following five years and virtually provided for its
cessation at the close of that period. A consequence of this
policy were organized and partly successful attempts at
*"illegal" immigration to Palestine.
[1932-1942:
Jewish emigration to "USA" and Canada]
During 1932-39 the U.S. and Canada together received only a
fifth of the total intercontinental Jewish migrants. It was
only when the above-mentioned restrictions on Jewish entry
into Palestine were applied and World War II broke out (the
U.S. did not join the hostilities until the end of 1941)
that Jewish immigration to the U.S. rose to more than
120,000 during 1938-42. In some of those years, Jewish
immigration to the U.S. constituted a majority of both total
Jewish intercontinental migration and of general immigration
to the U.S.
[1930s:
Migration from East European to Western European
countries]
The 1930s also witnessed a considerable amount of
international migration of Jews within Europe, from the
central and eastern parts of the area (outside U.S.S.R.) to
countries of Western Europe.> (Migration, col. 1525)
[Children and youth
emigration to Palestine by Hadassah and Henrietta Szold
1933-1936 - German and Austrian emigration - foundation
of the Philharmonic Orchestra]
<In 1933 a new type of immigration, called *Youth
Aliyah, was started to enable boys and girls to be looked
after in educational institutions and villages in
Palestine. The government issued special immigration
certificates for them on the basis of guarantees given by
the Jewish authorities. The work was largely financed by
*Hadassah and organized by its leader, Henrietta *Szold.
Up to the outbreak of the war, 5,000 young people were
saved in this way (70% of them from Germany, 20% from
Austria, and the rest from Czechoslovakia, Poland, and
Rumania see table on col. 543); another 15,000 were
brought over to Britain and the Scandinavian countries.
The German and Austrian Jews made an important
contribution to the progress of the yishuv [[Jews in
Palestine before 1948]]. They constituted the first
large-scale influx from western and Central Europe, and
their skills and experience raised business standards and
improved urban amenities. A relatively high proportion of
them practiced medicine or one of the other professions,
and they provided a majority of the musicians who formed
the new Philharmonic Orchestra, as well as a considerable
part of its audiences. (Israel, State of, vol. 9, col.
531)
[Immigration
to Palestine limited 1936-1938]
The flood tide of immigration was again halted, however,
in 1936, when the Arab revolt began. One of its major
demands was the stoppage of Jewish immigration, and the
Peel Commission (see *Palestine Inquiry Commission) while
proposing the partition of Palestine and the establishment
of a Jewish state, also recommended that the government
should fix a "political high level" of 12,000 Jewish
immigrants a year for the next five years, irrespective of
the country's economic absorptive capacity. In August
1937, a new Immigration Ordinance was issued empowering
the high commissioner "temporarily" to fix a maximum
aggregate number of immigrants for any specified period,
as well as the maximum number to be admitted in any
category. For the eight-month period up to March 1938, not
more than 8,000 Jews were to be allowed in. From March 31,
1939, the ordinance was given general validity, despite
the increasing intensity and range of the persecution of
the Jews in Europe. The [[racist]] Zionist movement
bitterly protested against the imposition of the
"political high level" and denounced it as a violation of
one of the most fundamental provisions of the Mandate.>
(Israel, State of, vol. 9, col. 531)
[Situation 1937: dispersion
of 16 million Jews]
<By 1937 the dispersion of the 16 million Jews in the
world and their proportion among the general population
was as follows:
Table: Distribution of Jews by 1937
|
Country
|
Number
|
Percentage
of Jews in General Population
|
Erez
Israel (Ereẓ Israel) [[Land of Israel]]
|
384,000
(estimate)
|
over
20
|
Poland
|
3,000,000
(estimate)
|
10.4
(estimate
|
Czechoslovakia
|
375,000
|
2.6
|
England
|
300,000
|
0.7
|
France
|
250,000
|
0.7
|
Lithuania
|
160,000
|
7.6
|
Rumania
[[Romania]]
|
1,130,000
|
6.2
|
Hungary
|
485,000
|
5.9
|
Latvia
|
94,388
|
5.0
|
Turkey
(Europe)
|
58,000
|
4.7
|
Austria
|
285,000
|
4.6
|
Greece
|
120,000
|
2.2
|
The
Netherlands
|
120,000
|
1.7
|
|
|
|
The
Maghreb (present Libya, Algeria, Morocco and
Tunis)
|
310,000
|
from
5.6 to 1.3
|
|
|
|
U.S.
|
4,350,000
|
3.6
|
Canada
|
170,000
|
1.4
|
|
|
|
Soviet
Russia (in Europe)
|
2,700,000
|
1.9
|
Iraq
|
100,000
|
3.1
|
|
|
|
Argentine
|
250,000
|
1.4>
|
Table from: Encyclopaedia
Judaica (1971): History, vol. 8, col. 733
|
[[The number of Jews in Germany is missing in the table.
There was a massive Jewish emigration by the racist
Zionist organizations and by non-Zionist organizations
since 1933. At the same time the persons counted as Jews
was higher by counting also half-Jews, quarter-Jews and
3/4-Jews, see Joint.
So the number of Jews in Germany in 1937 can be estimated
at about 450,000]].
Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): History, vol. 8,
col. 733-734
|
|
[English
restriction of immigration to Palestine 1938-1939]
<The sufferings inflicted on the German Jews by the
Nazi regime attracted worldwide attention, and in 1938
President Roosevelt called an international conference at
*Evian to seek homes for the refugees. The dismal failure
of the conference, which was not allowed to consider
Palestine, showed that no one was ready to welcome them
but the (Israel, State of, vol. 9, col. 531)
yishuv [[Jews in Palestine before
1948]]. The Jewish Agency submitted to the conference a
plan for the rapid and constructive absorption of 100,000
refugees in Palestine, but the Jewish National Home was
not permitted to perform its most vitally important
function at the very time when it was most desperately
needed. Immigration had dropped from some 27,000 in 1936
to 9,400 in the following year, and, although it rose
slightly to 11,200 in 1938 in 1938 and 13,700 in 1939, it
was far too little to save the Jews of Europe. The British
*White Paper of 1939 went a long way to meeting Arab
demands for the artificial limitation of Jewish
immigration, which was regarded as the major instrument
for establishing the Jewish National Home, and envisioned
the stoppage of its future development by marking further
immigration at the end of the five years dependent on Arab
consent. The yishuv, supported by Jews in the Diaspora and
many non-Jewish sympathizers, denounced the White Paper as
a betrayal of Britain's obligations under the Mandate. The
organization of "illegal" immigration was intensified, and
more and more refugee ships made their way to
Palestine.> (Israel, State of, vol. 9, col. 532)
[1941:
The Big Flight from Barbarossa to Siberia and Central
Asia]
As the German armies [[with their collaborators]] swept over
most of continental Europe [[operation "Barbarossa"]], there
were tragically few opportunities for the Jews to leave
Nazi-dominated areas. The most notable exception was in the
east, where many Soviet Jews, together with Jews from Poland
and other neighbouring countries, managed to retreat before
the invaders. Many joined the armed struggle against the
common enemy; a large proportion of the Jewish civilians who
were thus saved spent the remaining war years in Soviet
Siberia and Central Asia [[Caucasus a.o.]].
[[Supplement: Before Barbarossa in 1940 and in spring 1941
there were Stalin deportations of class enemies with many
Jews who died or survived in Siberia or in the Caucasus
region]].
Sweden gave refuge to the Jews of occupied Denmark. On the
whole, however, millions of European Jews remained confined
under Nazi sway, left to their fate by an indifferent world
engrossed in war.
[[The Berlin NS regime made propaganda against Jews in other
countries and bribed many foreign governments with
confiscated Jewish possession as "present", and the foreign
governments took the "presents". And the Berlin NS regime
was collaborating with Zionists to expel the German and
Austrian Jews to Palestine]].
[Palestine
practically closed for immigration - ship accidents]
No more than 45,000 Jews were allowed to reach Palestine
during the five years 1940-44. Among the "illegal"
immigrants who were turned back from the shores of Palestine
by the British, hundreds of lives were lost in tragic events
such as the explosion on board the Patria in 1940 and the sinking of the Struma in the Black Sea
in 1942.
[1940-1944:
Deportation of the majority of the Jews in NS Europe]
On the other hand, among the seven to eight million Jews
caught in Nazi-dominated areas of Europe, the intensity of
movement from one place to another reached fantastic
heights. Most of the Jews were driven from their homes to be
deported and crammed into ghettos, concentration camps,
labor camps, and extermination camps or transferred from one
to another of those places of horror. Only a small minority
could join the partisans, go into hiding, escape into Soviet
or neutral territory, etc. Except for those executed
forthwith in their locality of residence, nearly all Jews in
Nazi-occupied Europe "migrated" before the eventual doom
overcame most of them.
[[Many Jews who had fled to Siberia were drawn into the Red
Army in 1941 and were killed by NS guns at the front
1941-1944, and many of the survivors in Eastern Europe of
1944 were also drawn into the Red Army and were killed by NS
guns at the front 1944-1945]].
[1944-1946:
The returning survivors from Soviet Union to Eastern
Europe]
After the war there was a reverse movement - back to
previous places of residence, on a much smaller numerical
scale, due to the paucity of survivors. This return
migration took place within the areas previously occupied by
the Nazis and as a repatriation movement of Polish and other
Eastern European Jews from the Soviet Union.
Jews also participated in some of the new population
transfers in Eastern Europe from territories newly
incorporated into the Soviet Union (eastern Poland,
Bessarabia, Carpatho-Ruthenia) to other territories, some of
which had been vacated by former German inhabitants
(Silesia).
[[A certain part stay in Siberia and in Central Asia because
they found good jobs there]].
[1946:
Jews are mostly not welcome in Eastern Europe - new
pogroms]
The Jewish repatriates to places in Eastern Europe, however,
found themselves haunted not only by the memory of their
families and fellow Jews who had been maltreated and killed
there, but also by fresh outbursts of anti-Semitism and
active hostility toward the repatriates (e.g. the pogrom in
*Kielce, Poland, in 1946).
[[The "Christian" population had taken over Jewish flats and
Jewish jobs in 1941, and they did not want to return them
now. Add to this and big parts of the towns were destroyed
and the returning Jews aggravated the housing shortage. By
this the negative energy came again out against the Jews]].
[1945-1952:
DP camps for Jews - emigration mostly to Palestine and
"USA"]
Many [[Jews]] therefore moved to *Displaced Persons camps in
Germany, Austria and Italy,
[[First there were no DP camps in 1945. The flight to
Germany, Austria and Italy was organized by secret Jewish
Zionist organizations, and then there were installed DP
camps in the American zones]].
which accommodated about a quarter of a million Jews at the
end of 1946. Most of them fervently wished to go to Erez
Israel and start as new life there
[[by influence of Zionist propaganda without asking the
Arabs]].
But the British authorities admitted little more than 70,000
Jews from 1945 to May 1948, turning back many "illegal"
immigrants (e.g., the passengers of the Exodus in 1947) or
interning them in Cyprus; the D.P. camps were emptied only
after the establishment of the State of Israel. A smaller
stream of D.P.s went to the U.S., where emergency
legislation granted admission above the usual quotas.
[[This emigration to the "USA" after 1945 is not shown in
the emigration statistics of the "USA". The reason for this
suppression of data can only be assumed. And Jews were also
emigrating under other national quotas...]].
[DP
help organizations]
The following international organizations and Jewish bodies
played a prominent part in the care, transportation, and
resettlement of the D.P.s: UNRRA (United Nations Relief and
Rehabilitation Administration), (col. 1525)
IRO (International Refugee Organization), the *American
Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, the *Jewish Agency for
Palestine, HIAS (Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid
Society), the *World Jewish Congress, etc. (col. 1526)
[Situation 1945]
<After the Holocaust about 50% of the Jews were living
on the American continent, while only one-third remained
in Europe and the Soviet Union.>
(Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): History, vol. 8, col. 733)
<From 1945 Erez Israel became the main haven of refuge.
France also absorbed many Jews from North Africa.>
(Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): History, vol. 8, col. 733)
[1919-1948:
Pioneers in Palestine]
There was a high proportion of young adults among the
migrants to Palestine throughout the Mandatory period
(1919-May 1948) in keeping with the pioneering character of
many of the newcomers (halutzim),
part of whom had received agricultural training prior to
leaving their countries of origin. The proportion of young
adults was particularly high among the "illegal" immigrants.
Although the adjustment of Jewish overseas migrants to their
new surroundings was universally necessary, a special
situation existed in Palestine because of the emphasis of
Zionist ideology on manual, and especially agricultural,
work and the dynamic process of creating a new nation
consisting of all economic and social strata.
On the other hand, the age composition and occupational
structure of the Jewish immigrants to the U.S. in the Nazi
period reflected the "aging", as well as the
considerable proportion of liberal professions and commerce,
characteristic of Central European Jews at that time.
[[1947-1948 there were many Jews in Israel who were going
back to Europe because they did not like the chaos of the
Zionist organizations which were dominating the country, and
they did not like the policy and the school of hatred
against the Arabs. A big part of the returning Jews went to
France]].
[Inter
Soviet migration of Jews - abolition of the Pale of
settlement - Jews in Birobidzhan and in Siberia]
Throughout the period 1915-48 there was also a large volume
of Jewish migration within countries. The case of the vast
Soviet Union is of particular importance in discussing
interregional migrations. After the abolition of the *Pale
of Settlement following the Revolution (1917), hundreds of
thousands of Jews moved into the central and southern parts
of the country. Subsequent transfers of Jews to Siberia -
not only to *Birobidzhan with its ill-starred experiment of
Jewish territorial autonomy focusing on agriculture, but
especially to new industrial centers that were set up in
Siberia - became increasingly important. In addition, in
most countries of the world, the urbanization of the Jews
was accentuated by residential changes from smaller to
larger localities, and especially to the biggest population
centers of each country.
In most cases Jewish overseas migrants turned directly to
the main urban centers of their new country. Compared with
this predominant trend, the movement to Jewish agricultural
settlement - in Palestine, Argentina, Crimea - was of minor
numerical importance.> (col. 1526)
Table 4: Jewish Intercontinental
Migrations*, 1915-Mai 1948 (rough estimates)
[[in Thousands]]
* Includes migrants from Asian countries to Erez
Israel; excludes internal migration between the
European and Asian parts of the U.S.S.R. and
remigration to region of origin.
|
Country of destination
|
1915-May 1948
Total
|
in %
|
1915-1931
|
in %
|
1932-1939
|
in %
|
1940-May 1948
|
in %
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
1,600xxxxx
|
|
760xxx |
|
540xxx |
|
300xxx |
|
| Yearly
average of migrants |
48xxxxx |
|
45xxx |
|
68xxx |
|
37xxx |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
United
States
|
650xxxxx |
41%
|
415xxx |
55%
|
110xxx |
20%
|
125xxx |
42%
|
Canada
|
60xxxxx |
4%
|
45xxx |
6%
|
5xxx |
1%
|
10xxx |
3%
|
Argentina
|
115xxxxx |
7%
|
80xxx |
10%
|
25xxx |
5%
|
10xxx |
3%
|
Other
Latin American countries
|
140xxxxx |
9%
|
65xxx |
9%
|
60xxx |
11%
|
15xxx |
5%
|
South
Africa
|
25xxxxx |
1%
|
15xxx |
2%
|
10xxx |
2%
|
0xxx |
0%
|
Erez
Israel
|
485xxxxx |
30%
|
115xxx |
15%
|
250xxx |
46%
|
120xxx |
40%
|
Other
|
125xxxxx |
8%
|
25xxx |
3%
|
80xxx |
15%
|
20xxx |
7%
|
per
1,000 of Jewish population
in the whole world |
|
3.3‰ |
|
3.1‰ |
|
4.2‰ |
|
2.6‰ |
per
1,000 of Jewish population
in main emigration regions** |
|
7.8‰ |
|
6.3‰ |
|
10.2‰ |
|
8.7‰ |
** Up to 1931: Eastern
Europe (incl. U.S.S.R.); 1932-Mai 1948: total
Europe (excl. U.S.S.R.)
|
| from: Migration; In:
Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 16, col.
1523-1524 |
Table 5: Jewish immigrants to the United
States and Erez Israel, 1915-May 1948*
*Official
immigration statistics from Erez Israel are
available as from 1919; in the United States the
category "Hebrew" was included in official
migration statistics only between 1899-1943
[[after - and even before - 1943 Jews were
immigrating to the "USA" also under other
nationality quotas, so the the complete figure
can only be assumed]].
|
Year**
|
United States
|
Erez Israel***
|
1915
|
26,497xxxxxx
|
...
|
1916
|
15,108xxxxxx
|
...
|
1917
|
17,342xxxxxx
|
...
|
1918
|
3,672xxxxxx
|
.,..
|
1919
|
3,055xxxxxx
|
1,806xxxxxx
|
1920
|
14,292xxxxxx
|
8,223xxxxxx
|
1921
|
119,036xxxxxx
|
8,294xxxxxx
|
1922
|
53,524xxxxxx
|
8,685xxxxxx
|
1923
|
49,719xxxxxx
|
8,175xxxxxx
|
1924
|
49,989xxxxxx
|
13,892xxxxxx
|
1925
|
10,292xxxxxx
|
34,386xxxxxx
|
1926
|
10,267xxxxxx
|
13,855xxxxxx
|
1927
|
11,483xxxxxx
|
3,034xxxxxx
|
1928
|
11,639xxxxxx
|
2,178xxxxxx
|
1929
|
12,479xxxxxx
|
5,249xxxxxx
|
1930
|
11,526xxxxxx
|
4,944xxxxxx
|
1931
|
5,692xxxxxx
|
4,075xxxxxx
|
|
Year
|
United States
|
Erez Israel
|
1932
|
2,755xxxxxx
|
12,553xxxxx
|
1933
|
2,372xxxxxx
|
37,337xxxxx
|
1934
|
4,134xxxxxx
|
34,267xxxxx
|
1935
|
4,837xxxxxx
|
66,472xxxxx
|
1936
|
6,252xxxxxx
|
29,595xxxxx
|
1937
|
11,352xxxxxx
|
10,629xxxxx
|
1938
|
19,736xxxxxx
|
14,675xxxxx
|
1939
|
43,450xxxxxx
|
31,195xxxxx
|
1940
|
36,945xxxxxx
|
10,643xxxxx
|
1941
|
23,737xxxxxx
|
4,592xxxxx
|
1942
|
10,608xxxxxx
|
4,206xxxxx
|
1943
|
4,705xxxxxx
|
10,063xxxxx
|
1944
|
...
|
15,552xxxxx
|
1945
|
...
|
15,259xxxxx
|
1946
|
...
|
18,760xxxxx
|
1947
|
...
|
22,098xxxxx
|
1948
(Jan-May)
|
...
|
17,165xxxxx
|
|
** In the United States,
fiscal year, i.e., the 12 months ending in June of
year indicated
*** Includes tourists settling. |
| from: Migration; In:
Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 16, col. 1523 |
Sources from the
article "migration"
|
|
Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: Migrations, col.
1521-1522
|
Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: Migrations, col.
1523-1524
|
Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: Migrations, col.
1525-1526
|
Sources from the
article "History"
|
|
Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: History, vol. 8, col.
753-754
|
Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: History, vol. 8, col.
755-756
|
Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: History, vol. 8, col.
757-758
|
|
Jewish immigration to
Palestine 1919-1948
(from: Israel, State of; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971,
vol. 9)
[1933-1970:
Children and youth immigration to Palestine - "Youth
Aliyah"]
<In 1933 a new type of immigration, called *Youth Aliyah,
was started to enable boys and girls to be looked after in
educational institutions and villages in Palestine. The
government issued special immigration certificates for them
on the basis of guarantees given by the Jewish authorities.
The work was largely financed by *Hadassah and organized by
its leader, Henrietta *Szold. Up to the outbreak of the war,
5,000 young people were saved in this way (70% of them from
Germany, 20% from Austria, and the rest from Czechoslovakia,
Poland, and Romania - see table on col. 543); another 15,000
were brought over to Britain and the Scandinavian
countries.> (col. 531)
Table 5. Youth Accepted for Training from
the Outset of Youth Aliyah to Jan. 1, 1970 (by
countries of origin)
|
Country of Origin
|
19 Feb. 34 -
1 Oct. 39
|
1 Oct. 39 -
1 Oct. 45
|
1 Oct. 45 -
1 Oct. 48
|
1 Oct. 48 -
1 Jan. 70
|
Total (19 Feb. 34 -
1 Jan. 70
|
Romania
|
29xxx
|
1,736xxxx |
5,141xxx |
9,250xxx |
16,156xxxxxx |
Poland
|
139xxx |
1,401xxxx |
3,813xxx |
3,636xxx |
8,989xxxxxx |
Germany
|
3,437xxx |
1,454xxxx |
255xxx |
789xxx |
5,935xxxxxx |
Israel
|
-
|
1,123xxxx |
922xxx |
14,886xxx |
16,931xxxxxx |
Morocco
|
-
|
1xxxx |
34xxx |
18,097xxx |
18,132xxxxxx |
Iraq
|
-
|
73xxxx |
190xxx |
6,864xxx |
7,127xxxxxx |
Turkey
|
-
|
1,045xxxx |
64xxx |
3,924xxx |
5,033xxxxxx |
Bulgaria
|
-
|
457xxxx |
686xxx |
2,551xxx |
3,694xxxxxx |
Hungary
|
-
|
395xxxx |
1,333xxx |
1,915xxx |
3,643xxxxxx |
Yemen
|
-
|
380xxxx |
154xxx |
4,059xxx |
4,593xxxxxx |
Czechoslovakia
|
354xxx |
530xxxx |
647xxx |
1,003xxx |
2,534xxxxxx |
Austria
|
997xxx |
643xxxx |
69xxx |
144xxx |
1,844xxxxxx |
Iran
|
-
|
3xxxx |
9xxx |
3,889xxx |
3,901xxxxxx |
Algeria
and Tunisia
|
-
|
1xxxx |
30xxx |
3,446xxx |
3,477xxxxxx |
Egypt
|
-
|
6xxxx |
69xxx |
2,181xxx |
2,256xxxxxx |
Syria
and Lebanon
|
-
|
214xxxx |
234xxx |
851xxx |
1,299xxxxxx |
Benelux
|
-
|
131xxxx |
190xxx |
507xxx |
828xxxxxx |
Libya
and Tripoli
|
-
|
24xxxx |
23xxx |
1,009xxx |
1,056xxxxxx |
France
|
-
|
103xxxx |
85xxx |
905xxx |
1,093xxxxxx |
Yugoslavia
|
-
|
108xxxx |
34xxx |
508xxx |
650xxxxxx |
India
|
-
|
-
|
1xxx |
2,029xxx |
2,030xxxxxx |
Greece
|
-
|
220xxxx |
121xxx |
121xxx |
462xxxxxx |
Russia
|
-
|
-
|
107xxx |
3,361xxx |
3,468xxxxxx |
Italy
|
-
|
151xxxx |
32xxx |
222xxx |
405xxxxxx |
Various
countries of Europe
|
-
|
75xxxx |
134xxx |
436xxx |
645xxxxxx |
Asia
and Africa
|
-
|
3xxxx |
-
|
911xxx |
914xxxxxx |
The
Americas
|
-
|
1xxxx |
4xxx |
2,226xxx |
2,231xxxxxx |
|
|
xxxxxxxxxxxxx |
xxxxxxxxxxxxx |
xxxxxxxxxxxxx |
|
Total
|
4,956xxx |
10,269xxx |
14,381xxx |
89,720xxx |
119,326xxxxxx |
Unspecified
|
56xxx |
886xxx |
639xxx |
474xxx |
2,055xxxxxx |
Grand
Total
|
5,012xxx |
11,155xxx |
15,020xxx |
94,194xxx |
121,381xxxxxx |
| from: Israel, State of; In:
Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 9, col. 543-544 |
Sources from the
article "Israel, State of"
Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: Israel, State of, vol.
9, col. 543-544
|
[German
and Austrian Jews of high professions - foundation of the
Israel Philharmonic]
<The German and Austrian Jews made an important
contribution to the progress of the yishuv. They
constituted the first large-scale influx from Western and
Central Europe, and their skills and experience raised
business standards and improved urban amenities. A
relatively high proportion of them practiced medicine or one
of the other professions, and they provided a majority of
the musicians who formed the new Philharmonic Orchestra, as
well as a considerable part of its audiences.
[[Arab music was not asked and got no further development -
it was the pure Zionist colonialism in the Middle East]].
[1936:
Arab revolt - restricted Jewish immigration by the Peel
Commission]
The flood tide of immigration was again halted, however, in
1936, when the Arab revolt began.
[[The strategy to sell desert to the Jews with the
assumption that the Jews would die in the desert was not at
all successful, so the Arab side started a rebellion - but
as the natives in the "USA" were not successful with
rebellions, also the Arabs had no success by it]].
One of its major demands was the stoppage of Jewish
immigration, and the Peel Commission (see *Palestine Inquiry
Commission) while proposing the partition of Palestine and
the establishment of a Jewish state, also recommended that
the government should fix a "political high level" of 12,000
Jewish immigrants a year for the next five years,
irrespective of the country's economic absorptive capacity.
In August 1937, a new Immigration Ordinance was issued
empowering the high commissioner "temporarily " to fix a
maximum aggregate number of immigrants for any specified
period, as well as the maximum number to be admitted in any
category. For the eight-month period up to March 1938, not
more than 8,000 Jews were to be allowed in. From March 31,
1939, the ordinance was given general validity, despite the
increasing intensity and range of the persecution of the
Jews in Europe. The Zionist movement bitterly protested
against the imposition of the "political high level" and
denounced it as a violation of one of the most fundamental
provisions of the Mandate.
[[Zionists were not changing their position of Herzl that
the land would belong to them, and they were not willing to
find other solutions for the Jews than a "Jewish State"
although most of the Jews just wanted peace and were not
eager to have a "Jewish State". The Jews came from one trap
to another...]]
[1938:
Evian conference cannot resolve the problem]
The suffering inflicted on the German Jews by the Nazi
regime attracted worldwide attention, and in 1938 President
Roosevelt called an international conference at *Evian to
seek homes for the refugees. The dismal failure of the
conference, which was not allowed to consider Palestine,
showed that no one was ready to welcome them but the (col.
531)
yishuv.
The Jewish Agency submitted to the conference a plan for the
rapid and constructive absorption of 100,000 refugees in
Palestine, but the Jewish National Home was not permitted to
perform its most vitally important function at the very time
when it was most desperately needed.
[1936-1939:
Reduced immigration figures]
Immigration had dropped from some 27,000 in 1936 to 9,400 in
the following year, and, although it rose slightly to 11,200
in 1938 and 13,700 in 1939, it was far too little to save
the Jews of Europe. The British *White Paper of 1939 went a
long way to meeting Arab demands for the artificial
limitation of Jewish immigration, which was regarded as the
major instrument for establishing the Jewish National Home,
and envisioned the stoppage of its future development by
making further immigration at the end of the five years
dependent on Arab consent.
The yishuv,
supported by Jews in the Diaspora and many non-Jewish
sympathizers, denounced the White Paper as a betrayal of
Britain's obligations under the Mandate. The organization of
"illegal" immigration was intensified, and more and more
refugee ships made their way to Palestine.> (col. 532)
[Balance
of immigration to Palestine 1919-1948]
<During the entire period of the Mandate, some 483,000
Jews had settled in Palestine - almost six times the size of
the Jewish population at the beginning of the period. Almost
88% had come from Europe, where the Zionist movement was
strong and the pressure of persecution was great, including
-- 39.6% from Poland
-- 14.2% from Germany and Austria
-- 12.2% from the Soviet Union, Lithuania, and Latvia
-- and 4.1% from the Balkan countries.
Less than 2% came from the Americas, and some 10.4% from
Asia and Africa, which for some time had been outside the
mainstream of the development of Zionism.>
[M.L.]> (col. 533)
