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Colonialism in Chronology - chapter V.

6a. Holocaust against the natives in the mines of South "America" - Spanish "Christian" mission terrorism in Peru, Mexico and on the "Philippines"
(1558-1600)

Slavery and mass murder in Potosí and elsewhere in mines - Spanish occupation of the "Philippines" and of northern Mexico - extortions by laws and terrorism and slavery by "Christian" mission - torture and killings by "Christian" Inquisition - Chinese and "Parian" ghetto in Manila

    
Rajah of Cebu - Slavery in Potosi at Cerro Rico Mountain underground - and in Manila an "Intramuros" District was installed and all non "Christians" have to live outside
   
Acapulco, fortress San Diego, today a Historical Museum - an Acoma Pueblo native village of Sky City in dry New Mexico

by Michael Palomino (1999 / 2003 / 2005 / 2014)

translated in 2014

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Literature

-- Miroslav Stingl: "Vom Freiheitskampf des roten Mannes" ("From Freedom Fight Of Red Man" - natives in North "America")
-- Miroslav Stingl: "Das Reich der Inka" ("The Inca Empire" - natives in South "America")
-- Bernal Diaz del Castillo: "Historia"

"Philippines":
-- Zaide, Sonia M.: The Philippines: a unique nation. - Cubano: All-Nations Publishing, 1994. -  ISBN 971-642-005-6
-- José Rizal: novel "Noli me tangere" ("Don't touch me") describing greed of power of the Catholic Church on the "Philippines", hypocrisy of order's chiefs and inhumanity of the military forces. Spanish censorship on the "Philippines" is prohibiting this book but it's going secret ways having it's effects
-- José Rizal: "El Filibusterismo"; Corpuz, O.D. 2005. The Roots of the Filipino Nation. Quezon City: The University of the Philippines
-- Escaño, Cesar Miguel G. Chinese Roots in Manila https://www.yehey.com/lifestyle/culture.aspx?artid=6536 (accessed May 14, 2008)

Chinese ghetto "Parian": References:
-- Agoncillo, Teodoro A. A History of the Filipino People. Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, Inc. 1990.
-- Arcilla, Jose S. SJ. ed.. Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People, Vol. 3: The Spanish Conquest. Manila: Asia Publishing, Ltd., 1998.;
-- Zaide, Gregorio F. and Sonia M. Zaide. The Philippines: A Unique Nation. Quezon City: All Nations Publishing, Inc., 1994.
-- Project Gutenberg. The Philippine Islands.; http://www.elaput.org

Preface

Since the beginning of the 16th century Spanish racist colonial power with it's horses, shooting guns, cannons and extortion and mass murder systems is developing it's racist extortion system of "Christianity" against all natives with shooting guns, cannons and horses, with mass murder and enslavement and all what is part of it.

Slavery is managed in mines and in "missions" or high tax is collected. Land is "given" but only to "Christs". The "Christian" crimes of the Spanish colonialists committed to the natives - or also committed to the Chinese on the "Philippines" - are absolutely dreadful. Is there any compensation?

Michael Palomino
1999 / October 2003 / April 2005 / July 2014

***

Chronology / time line

Criminal racist "Christian" Spaniards are subjugating half of the world installing racist terrorist systems against all other natives - and against Chinese:

1558
Europe: death of Charles V - successor Philip II - death of his wife Maria I - successor in England is Elisabeth I

Now brother Ferdinand becomes a new "Roman emperor". His son Philip (II) gets the Spanish heritage (DTV Atlas vol.I, p.237).
-> With this procedure the national state won against the idea of a universal empire
-> dualism in the Reich is decided in favor for the Protestant dukes
-> and the split of Christianity cannot be repaired any more but is consolidating (DTV Atlas, vol.I, p.237).


Philip II [1]

At the same time the wife of Philip - this is the English queen of England Maria I - is dying. Successor is Elisabeth I (and with this the English Spanish connection which wanted to catholize England is not working any more).
(Bilingual time line of North America: http://www2.alcala.es/asi/timeline/1500.htm)

1558
Europe: Foundation of the third Protestant "university" in Jena
(DTV Atlas I, p.235)


1560

1561-1564: Peru: viceroy Diego Lopez de Zuñiga [2] - just a normal Spanish "Christian" racist

This fourth viceroy is also known as a duke "de Nieva" who is in the service of his government. He is beginning with the installation of the towns of Chancay, Saña, Ica, Santa Cruz de la Sierra etc. [the whites are ordering and the slaves are building...]. He has a normal life serving the Spanish crown with adventures which provoking that he is murdered in 1564. (Virreyes del Peru: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Land/4029/menuvirrey.htm)

In those times the racist white Spaniards had parted the "American" continent into two giant viceroyalties: There was viceroyalty of New Spain (above) and viceroyalty of Peru (below):

Wrong and right maps showing the racist "Christian" viceroyalties of Spain
Map with the viceroyalties of New Spain (above) and Peru (below, too simple and too big - WRONG) [3]	Map with viceroyalty of Peru (red and too big, WRONG), Venezuela (dark blue), not detected jungle (green) and the Portuguese part (blue) [4]	Map with viceroyalty of Peru, Venezuela and the Tordesillas Line of 1493 - all is o.k.  [5]

1561
Viceroyalty of Peru: rebellion of the Mapuches (Araucanians)
under the leader Colo-Colo.
(timeline of H. Jestrabek)

1562: Map of "America" by Diego Gutiérrez


Map of "America" by Diego Gutierrez from 1562 [6]

1562
"Foundation" of the town of Mendoza (in later Argentina on the level of Santiago)
coming from Chile (Huby, p.58).

1562-1568
France-Florida: "foundation" of French colony of Florida
at the today's St.John's River.
(Internet: Bilingual time line of North "America": http://www2.alcala.es/asi/timeline/1500.htm)

Huguenots in Florida and in South Carolina
On the coast lines of Florida and Brazil persecuted Huguenots are building some villages meaning that more persecuted Huguenots would come. But Spanish troops are destroying immediately the Huguenot villages or they give them up because of inner conflicts and hard living conditions. [The forts and settlements were built in today's Florida and South Carolina just calling all as "Florida"].
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Florida)

Huguenots in French Florida 1562-1568

Map with French Florida 1562-1568 [7] In 1562 Fort Charlesfort is built. It's leader is going back to France for organizing more help but there is civil war and then he is heading to England but there he is detained because he does not want to undertake another trip in the name of the Queen. Thus all people is without leader there getting into quarrels destroying themselves and some are rescued by the English neighboring colonies. 1564 a second trial is made with Fort Caroline but now Spaniards are fighting it immediately destroying it beheading all men. French revenge is coming under Dominique de Gourgues in 1568 with the help of natives. Newly Spanish Fort Matéo just erected at the same place like Fort Caroline before is destroyed and all Spaniards murdered as also two more Spanish forts are destroyed. (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floride_française) [Well, this is just a wonderful example of "Christian" behavior. Have a nice day...]

since 1562
Slavery with blacks: British slave trips between Africa and "West India"
John Hawkins is undertaking the first British slave trip to the coast of Guinea transporting about 300 slaves to West India.
(timeline of H. Jestrabek).

[Death rate on the "Christian" slave ships was 50% normally].

50-100 million black victims by black slavery
Africa - only with a thin population - is robbed of about 50 to 100 million people by slave trades until 1880.
(timeline of H. Jestrabek)

 
"Christian" protestant Slavery in the New England colonies, sugar plantation [x001] - or street works [x002]
The racist protestant "Christian" racist colonialists comes in white clothes (on the left photo) or on a horse (on the right photo).

1563
Europe, Council of Trent: success of the Pope and reforms in Catholic Church
This "third period" is lead masterfully by Morone, the "savior of the council":

-- the Jesuits Lainez and Salmeron are helping the Papal centralism to a "victory". There are resolutions accepted clearly differing from the Protestants: about sacraments, traditions, sacrifices of the mass, priest's life, heritage sin, confessions

-- there are reform resolutions approved for education, clothing, duties, celibacy of church staff (clergy)

-- abuse of territory and indulgence (confession procedures being payed by money) are [officially] abrogated (DTV Atlas vol.I, p.239).

1564
Pope: Council of Trent and the base for modern catholicism
-- clergy is pledging oneself to these resolutions of this Council of Trent ("Tridentinum")
-- there is an "index of forbidden books" introduced ("Index librorum prohibitorum"): This is a list with books being forbidden by the Church, and this list is administered by the congregation of the Holy Office (officium sanctum).

-> This is the base for the new development of Catholicism (DTV Atlas, vol.I, p.239).

[and war books in the name of "Christianity" and with the extermination of other cultures are never forbidden...]

until 1564
"Philippines": Rajahnate (kingdom) of Cebu
Between 13th and 16th century Cebu Island was known as Zubu or Sugbo. Some 300 years ago Mr. Sri Lumay (also known as Rajamuda Lumaya) was sent by the Maharajah and had invaded Sumatra and had then separated from the Maharajah and founded himself the Rajahnate (kingdom) of Cebu. He was half Malay and half Tamil prince of Chola dynasty. Cebu was inhabited by Hindus, Buddhist, animists and Muslims ruled by Rajahs and Datus.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu)

Sri Lumay had several sons and they were governing parts of the islands.
(The Rajahnate of Cebu: http://thebulwaganfoundation.wordpress.com/2010/09/01/the-rajahnate-of-cebu/)

Rajah of Cebu [8]

Trade in the Rajahnate of Cebu
Under Rajah (king) Humabon the Rajahnate of Cebu become an important trading center
-- from Japan came perfumes and glass ware
-- mostly from India traders and Burmese people traders came ivory products, leather, precious and semi-precious stones and sugar (sarkara)
-- Rajahnate of Cebu is selling native goods were sold
-- the harbor was on Cebu Island and the name "Cebu" comes from the word of "trade" which is "sibu" or "sibo".
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu)

Chinese on Cebu Island
Chinese traders are coming regularly to Cebu.
(The Story of Parian (Chinese ghetto in Manila): http://pariansasugbu.wordpress.com/)

Cebu and Lapu-Lapu

Lapu-Lapu, portrait [9] Map with Cebu Island, Mactan Island, and with Bohol Island [10]

Under the reign of Humabon another leader - Lapu-Lapu - is coming from Borneo governing the region of Mandawili (today's Mandaue), with Opong Island (later known as Mactan) where Magellan lost his life [by a stupid local affair].
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu)

More details about Lapu-Lapu are here:

<Lapu-lapu Dimantag arrived from Borneo and asked Rajah Humabon (Sri Bantug’s son) for a place to settle. Being an ‘orang laut’ (man of the sea), Humabon offered the island of Opong but Lapu-lapu was convinced instead to settle in Mandawili (now Mandaue) and make that land productive much as it was virtually impossible to cultivate food crops in Opong island due to its rocky terrain. Under Lapu-lapu’s leadership, the economy of the island flourished largely because of the goods he brought from the land and sea in northern Cebu that increased trading. With his power and influence now growing, it did not take long for his relationship with Humabon to sour. This happened when Lapu-lapu decided to become a ‘mangatang’ (pirate) and worsened still when he converted to Islam and swore allegiance to Sultan Kiram to gain protection for his lucrative activities. Bolstered by an alliance that protected his flanks, Lapu-lapu ordered his men to loot ships passing through Opong Island which significantly lowered trading transactions for the Rajah of Cebu. This created tensions between Humabon and Lapu-lapu. Opong Island thus earned the ill-reputed name ‘mangatang’ which later was shortened to the word Mactan.>
(The Rajahnate of Cebu: http://thebulwaganfoundation.wordpress.com/2010/09/01/the-rajahnate-of-cebu/)

1564 (-1565)
Kingdom of Cebu: Spanish occupation
coming from Mexico (Reinhard, vol. II, p.46-47).

In 1564 a Spanish [racist "Christian"] expedition under leadership of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi is starting from Mexico to the "Philippines". This war expedition is comprising 4 ships and 380 men.
(Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (first Spanish governor on the "Philippines"): http://www.deliabw.edu.hk/broadway/Eng/S3A%20English%20Project/Group%207/eng%20prj%20ren/web/Miguel%20Lopez%20de%20Legaspi.htm)

about 1565
"Costa Rica": Spanish occupation is completed
With this occupation an "interesting" location is occupied for Spain because this island is just filling the last gap on the "American Dam" to [West] "India" (Reinhard, vol.II, p.50-51).

Map with the position of Costa Rica [11]

The first peak of development there is the mass murder of the natives. Reports can be found in

-- "Historia de las Indias" ["History of the Indian Territories"] of the critic former soldier and colonial administrator Bartolomé de las Casas
-- "Historia general y natural de las Indias" ["General and natural history of the Indies"] of a former staff officer of Pedrarias, Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo
-- and allusions are also made in the work "De Orbe novo Decades VIII" ["In the new world in the 8th decade"] of "Humanist" Petrus Martyr de Anghiera: But this is only a summary of collected reports (Reinhard, vol.II, p.51).

Wikipedia means that smallpox and TB were the principle causes for mass death of the natives in Costa Rica:

<Erst in den 1560er Jahren setzten nach vier Jahrzehnten neue Kolonisierungs- und Christianisierungsversuche ein. Doch hatten Pocken und Tuberkulose inzwischen zahlreiche Indianer das Leben gekostet. Die übrigen flohen in die Berge, vor allem in die Talamanca-Berge. Nur auf der Nicoya-Halbinsel wurde eine nennenswerte Population von Chorotega versklavt.>			Translation: <Only in the 1560s after four decades new trials for colonization and Christianization were performed. But smallpox and TB had murdered many natives already. The others had fled to the mountains, above all to the Talamanca Mountains. Only on Nicoya Peninsula a higher number of Chorotega was enslaved.>
(http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Costa_Ricas)

And Costa Rica Province was so poor and there were just so few inhabitants that the Spanish "Christian" dominant men in Costa Rica had to work in agriculture preparing their fields themselves.
(http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Costa_Ricas)

1565
Florida: Spanish occupation of Florida coming from Mexico - "foundation" of San Augustin
There is a French fort there already which is destroyed now. In this way the route between Cuba and Spain is going on being under Spanish control (Reinhard, vol.II, p.54).

Don Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
Next to the native settlement of Seloy of the Timucuan natives Mr. Don Pedro Menéndez de Avilés is founding the colonial settlement San Augustín in Florida just destroying the French settlement there which was erected some years before.
(Internet: Bilingual time line of North "America": http://www2.alcala.es/asi/timeline/1500.htm)

Menendez de Aviles, just a normal "Christian" Bible terrorist [12] As one can see the territory of Spanish Florida is comprising much more than the today's Federal State of Florida of the "U.S.A." comprising also nowadays Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina. And there are direct fights with French Huguenots. For example the French Fort Caroline is destroyed, then on it's ruins the Spanish fort San Mateo is erected, and then the French revenge is coming in 1568 just destroying this Fort San Mateo again - which is confirmed in this map. It seems strange that most Spanish forts also only existed during one or two years - and for each fort there is probably a special reason that it was vanishing...

Map with Spanish forts in Spanish Florida [13]

since 1565
Kingdom of Cebu: Spanish occupation is beginning

March 27: Miguel López de Legazpi is beginning with the Spanish Catholic occupation of the "Philippines". With this action is beginning Spanish colonial rule and the headquarter of all this is the viceroyalty of Mexico.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

Kingdom of Cebu is destroyed
[Racist "Christian"] Spanish colonialists are conquering the main island of the Kingdom of Cebu first, Cebu Island.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu)

April: occupation of Cebu Island. Foundation of the town of Cebu. Missionary terrorism by the Augustinians.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

<May 8, 1565 - The Island of Cebu is surrendered to Legazpi by its ruler King Tupas. Legazpi establishes the first permanent Spanish settlement on Cebu and becomes the first Spanish Governor-General. By his order, tributes are collected from all Filipino males aged 19 to 60.>

With Cebu Island the main island of the Kingdom of Cebu is occupied [and in this way the Kingdom of Cebu is destroyed].
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu)

June 4: treaty with Rajah Tupas and with other princes of Cebu Island: The princes of Cebu are acknowledging the supreme rulership and "friendship" of Spain.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

Map of the "Philippines" [14]

And more islands are conquered: The territory of the Spanish colony of the "Philippines" is differing from the today's "Philippines" because more islands are in this colony with
-- Guam Island
-- Mariana Islands
-- Caroline Islands
-- Palau Island [Belau].

Map of the South Sea with the "Philippines" of 1565 with Palau / Belau, Guam, Mariana Island, and Carolina Islands [15]

Additionally the Spanish "authority" is only limited:

-- big parts of Mindanao Island and Sulu Island with Filipino Muslims ("Moros") are not really occupied by the Spaniards

-- the central mountain regions of Luzon Island and of the Visayas Islands [central [Philippines"] with it's mountain populations of Ifugao, Igorot and so on can save their independence.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

[Manila is a native town and is not occupied by the Spaniards yet].

"Philippines": racist Spaniards introducing ghettos
The racist "Christian" Spaniards are introducing the segregation of nations by districts and ghettos.
(The Story of Parian (Chinese ghetto in Manila): http://pariansasugbu.wordpress.com/)

<Chinese goods and wares for trade were dropped off in the main port area in the intramuros and transported via small boats called cascos, and entered through Tinago, a wide waterway. They would unload their products in what we now call as Parian, a name that traces its roots to a Mexican word for marketplace.>
(The Story of Parian (Chinese ghetto in manila): http://pariansasugbu.wordpress.com/2012/05/)

The [criminal racist "Christian"] Spaniards were introducing the segregation of nations by districts and ghettos.
(The Story of Parian (Chinese ghetto in manila): http://pariansasugbu.wordpress.com/2012/05/)

[Nice "Christian" behavior is manifesting it's incompatible position to a tolerant society].

since 1565
"Philippines" - Mexico: way back to central "America"
Coming from the Philippines the Spanish fleet is detecting the northern winds now and is heading back to Mexico passing the North Pacific. And at the end they are following the coast line to the south.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

 
Map of the trail of the Manila galleon ship with the connection between the Philippines and Mexico between Manila and Acapulco [16] -
a Manila galleon ship, a giant ship for these times, with several floors and up to 2,500 tons of weigh [17]

Only with this detection of the west wind on the North Pacific the occupation of the "Philippines" can be completed "successfully" (Reinhard, vol.II, p.46).
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

Since 1593 only these two ports of Manila and Acapulco are allowed on this trade route - becoming monopoly ports against falling prices of the products.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

since 1565
"Philippines" - Mexico: beginning of the trade with galleon ships
between the "Philippines" and Mexico.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

[But Manila is not under Spanish rule yet].

"Cultural exchange" between Mexico and the "Philippines"
In the following time an ecclesial "cultural exchange" is organized between the "Philippines" and Mexico. "Pictures of the Saints" are brought from Mexico to the Philippines:
-- Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage in Antipolo
-- the Black Nazarene of Quiapo
-- Our Lady of Guadeloupe in Pagsanjan (Laguna).

And to the other hand in the basilica of Guadaloupe and in the cathedral of Mexico City sculptures from Filipino and Chinese men are installed.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

These tight relations between the "Philippines" and Mexico are also proved by the presence of Mexicans on the "Philippines" which are called even "Spaniards" there. The Mexicans are missioners, traders, militarists and clerks like the Spaniards also are. In Acapulco a Filipino colony is establishing with a palmwine production.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

Spaniards and Mexicans are always only a little minority on the "Philippines". At the beginning of the 17th century there are living 2,000 of them, and from these 400 are ecclesial staff members. In the 19th century there are 4,000 Spaniards and Mexicans there.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

1565 appr.
Spain: Bernal Diaz de Castillo is beginning putting down his remembrance
(Huby, p.109).

1566
Reform projects: Pope Pius V with a new catechism
-- this is a maneuver against "simony" (purchase of jobs, territories and holy items)
-- and there is a new version of Roman Catholic catechism (DTV Atlas vol.I, p.239).

1567/1569
"Philippines"-Portugal: Portugal is sieging Cebu Island - attacks against the native population
Since September and October 1567 Portuguese ships are sieging the town of Cebu which was founded by Miguel López de Legazpi before. Additionally there are many bad attacks.
->> López de Legazpi is forced to shift the Spanish settlement from Cebu Island to Panay Island.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

1568
Reform Popes: new version of the Breviary under Pope Pius V
This is a prayer book of Catholic liturgy (DTV Atlas vol I, p.239).

1568
Bernal Diaz del Castillo has completed his manuscript of his "Memories"
Diaz is completing his manuscript of his "Memories" about the Spanish occupation of Mexico (Huby, p.109).

1569: World map by Gerhard Mercator

World map by Gerhard Mercator 1569 [18]

Nova Et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio Ad Usum Navigantium emendate [navigation world map] - Gerard Mercator's famous world map 1569
(first known use of the "Mercator projection" on a world map)

1569-1581: Peru: viceroy Francisco de Toledo [19]

He is the 5th viceroy. He is taking the tasks which come from the office of the governor Lopez García de Castro. During his government the inquisition is installed in Peru in 1570. He lets also erect defense buildings at the coast lines against pirate attacks, and he is surrendering the rebellion of Tupac Amarú. [Racist "Christian" Church from Vatican is simply destroying everything not listening one moment to the natives what they had to tell about former times and extraterrestrials]. (Virreyes del Peru: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Land/4029/menuvirrey.htm)

1568
Portuguese attack on Cebu
<The Portuguese, under the command of General Gonzalo de Pereira, attack Cebu and blockade its port.>
(Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (first Spanish governor on the "Philippines"): http://www.deliabw.edu.hk/broadway/Eng/S3A%20English%20Project/Group%207/eng%20prj%20ren/web/Miguel%20Lopez%20de%20Legaspi.htm)

And this is not the only attack:

<The series of attacks stems from Portugal's claim to the territory based on the provision of the Treaty of Tordesillas entered into by Spain and Portugal on June 7, 1474, in which their respective spheres of influence, trade and conquest were defined. The Portuguese believe that the Philippines falls within their sphere.>
(Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (first Spanish governor on the "Philippines"): http://www.deliabw.edu.hk/broadway/Eng/S3A%20English%20Project/Group%207/eng%20prj%20ren/web/Miguel%20Lopez%20de%20Legaspi.htm)

Controlling this "Line of Tordesillas one can see that the "Philippines" are rather Spanish territory:

Map with Tordesillas Line with Brazil and the "Philippines" [20]

1569
"Philippines": missionary report about missionary methods

Martin de Rada, just a normal "Christian" Bible terrorist, portrait with globe [21]

Augustinian missioner Mr. Martin de Rada is writing to the viceroy of Mexico about the Filipinos:

"They can be converted and adopt our faith easily [...] the fear with which God has inspired them is great, for no matter how large may be the village, when a dozen Spaniards go for it, the natives come out immediately with their hands tied and beg for peace."

[from: Zaide, Sonia M.: The Philippines: a unique nation. - Cubano: All-Nations Publishing, 1994. -  ISBN 971-642-005-6. - S.92).


1570

1570 appr.
Spain: the report of Bernal Diaz del Castillo
Bernal Diaz del Castillo, former soldier under Cortéz, is writing his memories about the occupation of Mexico. he is describing the destruction of Tenochtitlán in it:

"Today there is nothing left from all this. Not one single stone of this beautiful town has been left on it's position." (Huby, p.97).


"Historia" by Diaz del Castillo [22]

This report by Diaz del Castillo is a detailed work. Montezuma is presented as a big and powerful ruler. His kingdom is broad and sane. There are many active figures, and they are acting roughly. The material glamor of this Aztec empire makes it attractive for being the hot spot of the Spanish Empire. Diaz has never any doubt that this Spanish occupation would be wrong: To be a "Christ" and a "Spaniard" at the same time means to have the war power, and war power means possession.

The work is written in the late 16th century but it's not published before the 17th century. The cover shows the first edition of this "true story" (in Spanish: "historia verdadera").
(Penn Libraries: Cultural readings: Bernal Diaz: http://www.library.upenn.edu/special/gallery/kislak/promotion/diaz.html)

1570
Reform Popes: also the mass liturgy is revised under Pope Pius V
(DTV Atlas vol.I, p.239)

Again Portuguese attack against Spanish Cebu ("Philippines")
<The Portuguese again attack the colony and are repulsed.>
(Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (first Spanish governor on the "Philippines"): http://www.deliabw.edu.hk/broadway/Eng/S3A%20English%20Project/Group%207/eng%20prj%20ren/web/Miguel%20Lopez%20de%20Legaspi.htm)

"Friendly" relation Cebu-Manila with Martin de Goiti - Chinese in Binondo - Muslims defeated in Manila - guerrilla war
First the relations are "friendly" yet:

Map of the "Philippines" with Cebu and Manila [23]

<May, 1570 - Legazpi sends an expedition under the leadership of Martin de Goiti to Manila. Manila is ruled by Rajah Suliman, whose friendship is won by de Goiti.>
(Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (first Spanish governor on the "Philippines"): http://www.deliabw.edu.hk/broadway/Eng/S3A%20English%20Project/Group%207/eng%20prj%20ren/web/Miguel%20Lopez%20de%20Legaspi.htm)

On the other side of Pasig River - in Binondo - is the trading place of Chinese merchants with their Chinese goods and ware.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binondo)

But this friendly relation between the "Christians" and the Muslims is lasting only 3 weeks. Then the battle against the Muslims comes and Manila is burnt down:

<The Spaniards arrived in Luzon on May 8, 1570, and camped on the shores of Manila Bay for several weeks, while forming an alliance with the Muslims. On May 24, 1570, after disputes and hostility erupted between the two groups. The Spaniards occupied the city of Tondo where they were greeted with thousands of warriors. There, they defeated most of Tariq Suleiman's (سليمان), Rajah Matanda's (ऋअज ंअतन्द), and Lakan Dula's (王 杜拉) people. The Spaniards marched their armies towards the Pasig River, and occupied the settlements in Manila on June 6, 1570 and burned them. Guerrilla warfare broke out following the battle, which continued for about ten months.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti)

In 1570 and 1571 several battles are following fought by the Spanish invaders against Muslim chiefs for dominance of territories and for installation of settlement.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedo)

Viceroyalty Peru 1570: introduction of inquisition
(Virreyes del Peru: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Land/4029/menuvirrey.htm)

[Racist "Christian" Church in Peru is fighting secret Jews in the Spanish colonies].

See this nice colonial "Christian" Nazi behavior:

Inquisition methods by criminal colonial racist "Christian" Nazi Spaniards in the viceroyalty of Peru in Lima     Inquisition in the viceroyalty of Peru in Lima: torture with hanged wrists, with a punishment beverage, or with torture on a stake with a dung fork [24,25,26] In the Inquisition Museum in Lima one can see more such traditional criminal colonial racist "Christian" Nazi Spanish behavior - and in the "U.S.A." of 2014 such methods are just common yet!       Inquisition in the viceroyalty of Peru in Lima: torture being fixed on a chair - being with fixed feet on a simple stool - being hanged on the wrists on the back - being fixed at the neck and at the wrists in combination with lashes on the back [27,28,29,30]   Inquisition in the viceroyalty of Peru in Lima: torture on a rack (stretching bank, torture bank, extension bed) - and another torture in a mini cell without light [31,32] Inquisition in viceroyalty of Peru with stake - here against Atahualpa [33]

1571
Death of Bernal Diaz del Castillo
(Huby, p.109)

Region of Manila: The Spaniards are building the fortress Saint James
<The Spaniards fortified themselves in the area and constructed their military barracks of Fuerza de Santiago (Fortress of Saint James), which became their outpost for trade with Mexico.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti)

May 19, 1571
Manila: Spanish occupation
Martin de Goiti is winning together with about 600 warriors from Panay Island against the ruler of Manila (Maynilad), Rajah Sulayman (about 1540-1588).
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

Martín de Goiti, a simple Spanish "Christian" Bible terrorist, portrait [34]

Martin de Goiti is taking Manila for the Spanish Crown. In Manila also 150 Chinese are living.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

And as a peace treaty a woman is sold for free:

<The Spaniards gained control of the settlements on June 24, 1571, after the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi in Manila, who agreed to a peace agreement sealed by betrothing one of his half-caste (Half Aztec and Half Spanish) daughters to Batang Dula, heir apparent of Lakan Dula.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti)

And then the new title comes for "Christian" racist Manila:

Spanish racist "Christian" Legazpi government in Manila

<1571 - Legazpi establishes his government in Manila and proclaims it the capital of the Philippines, calling it the "distinguished and ever loyal city".>
(Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (first Spanish governor on the "Philippines"): http://www.deliabw.edu.hk/broadway/Eng/S3A%20English%20Project/Group%207/eng%20prj%20ren/web/Miguel%20Lopez%20de%20Legaspi.htm)

And only now the big trade between Manila and Acapulco can begin. Big ports are always installed in big bays so no protection dams are needed to be built. Manila and Acapulco have just such big bays for good ports.

 
Map with Manila Bay [35] - map with the Bay of Acapulco with the port "Puerto Marqués" [36]

Other map with indicated winds is like this, but the other trade spots are missing:


Map of the trail of the Manila galleon ship with the connection between the Philippines and Mexico between Manila and Acapulco with the winds indicated [37]

Another map is also indicating head winds so the sailors had to drive in a zig zag a long time:


Map of the trail of the Manila galleon ship between the Philippines and Mexico between Manila and Acapulco with head winds in a zig zag course [38]

"Spanish East Indies"="Philippines"
<The Spanish colonization paved the way for the establishment of Manila as a permanent settlement and capital city of the Spanish East Indies.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti)

De Goiti with more invasions and foundations
<He later explored Pampanga, Pangasinan and founded several Spanish cities in Luzon between the periods of 1571 -1573. De Goiti, along with other soldiers were granted with haciendas (estates) for the lands they had conquered, by Philip II of Spain.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti)

Juan de Salcedo with more invasions and foundations
<Salcedo explored the northern regions of the Philippines with a force of about 80 soldiers in 1571, where he traveled to Batangas, Zambales and the Ilocos region and established several Spanish municipalities.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedo)

1572

English actions: the approval for capturing war by the English Queen - action by Francis Drake
England has lost two naval battles in the Caribbean. Now as a revenge a secret approval is giving to Drake by the English Queen for capturing Spanish ships. Near Cartenegra [?] he is hiding himself waiting for two Spanish caravel ships coming with "American" gold (Duby, p.18) [probably looted gold from the natives].

"Philippines": new governor Lavezares - Bicol region
<August 20, 1572 - Legazpi dies and Guido de Lavezares (died 1575) succeeds him as governor. Lavezares extends colonization to the Bicol region.>
(Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (first Spanish governor on the "Philippines"): http://www.deliabw.edu.hk/broadway/Eng/S3A%20English%20Project/Group%207/eng%20prj%20ren/web/Miguel%20Lopez%20de%20Legaspi.htm)

Map of the "Philippines" with Manila, Cebu and Bicol Region [39]

"Philippines": marriage policy with the natives and with a converted Jewish family
<Eventually their descendants [of Batang Dula] unified the 3 royal houses of Tariq Suleiman, Rajah Matanda and Lakan Dula with the half-Aztec and half Spanish de Goiti family. The Dula y Goiti family married with the Mendoza family who were Catholic Sephardi Hebrews and to mark the dynasty, changed the surname to Dulay.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti)

Peru: Cuzco: murder of native leader Tupac Amarú - end of the Inca rebellion
With this action Peru is completely conquered by the Spanish conquest.
(timeline of H. Jestrabek)

 
First death penalty against Tupac Amarú was with horses but did not work because he was too strong [40] - map of today's Peru with Cuzco [41]

Until 1572 the Incas [presumably in Vilcabamba] are resisting against the Spaniards (DTV Lexicon, vol.8; p.291).
This is the end of the Inca resistance against the Spaniards in Vilcabamba.
(Antje Baumann: timeline about Inka natives: http://www.indianer-welt.de/sued/inka/inka-zeit.htm)

The Spaniards can occupy the last rebellious territories in the Andes - the territory of Vilcabamba. The Inca leader Tupac Amarú is executed (Reinhard, vol.II, p.56).

Viceroyalties of New Spain and of Peru and the naval routes and founding of "Christian" racist towns

Map with the viceroyalties of New Spain and of Peru in around 1570 with Potosi since 1545 with its silver production (Ag=Argentum=silver) [42]

Peru, Potosí: "Well ordered" growth: boom with new procedure of mita mandatory public service
In 1572 the Viceroy of Toledo is coming to Potosi. This great "organizer" and "ruler" is introducing the mita system in the mines (forced labor in groups which was applied under the Inca rule already). And for gold and silver winning in the mines also the amalgamation process is initiated. For this process mercury is used which is binding metals.
(Education website from Bolivia about Potosí: http://illimani.umsanet.edu.bo/misc/bolivia/II1351.HTM#iii13515)

Potosí: Silver Mountain "Cerro Rico" ("Rich Mountain", in Quechua: "Sumaj Orcko") [43]

This viceroy Francisco de Toledo is putting an end to the disorganized exploitation in the mines of Potosi. He is introducing new technical procedures and he is ordering the working times according to the mita system, a forced labor system applied against the natives suffering and dying there.
(POTOSI. (Mining city of) Bolivia: http://www.ovpm.org/ovpm/sites/apotos.html)

All natives (primary nations, "Indians") and blacks over 18 have to work in the mines 12 hours without break and without day light, and in this way they have to stay in the mines without day light during 4 months without break, thus they are eating, sleeping and working in the mine tunnels. When they escape then the Spanish security has to bandage their eyes "protecting" them from sun light. In this way there are estimated 8 million Bolivian natives and blacks dying in these mines of Potosi between 1545 and 1825. They suffer their death in the dark mine tunnels with sticky, humid, dusty air.
(C.Stewart: The mines of today: http://www.dragoman.co.uk/tales/t003.htm)

The white racist race with the Spanish occupants in the town of Potosi is getting all the profits of this mine slavery.
(POTOSI. (Mining city of) Bolivia: http://www.ovpm.org/ovpm/sites/apotos.html)

Potosí is consisting of
-- five water springs and their water dams
-- a royal mine
-- and about 5,000 more mines
-- and the town itself.

From 1572 on the town is "developed" within the "Law of the Indies". The town is drawn into the soil with a net of squares with a central square.

This central square is getting it's framing with representative racist white houses of the colonialist in a Baroque stile and Metis style [?]. The coin mint facility is the biggest civil building of it's period in South "America". The surrounding provinces around Potosi are represented with 14 native quarters.
(POTOSI. (Mining city of) Bolivia: http://www.ovpm.org/ovpm/sites/apotos.html)

White "Christian" racist architecture in Potosí
Potosí, San Francisco church [44]	Potosí, San Bernardo Cathedral [45]

since 1572

Mexico: Jesuit "missions" with profit economy and slavery "Encomienda system"

Jesuits and missioners let work the natives on the fields. The Jesuits - coming from Mexico since 1572 - are setting in the hardly accessible frontier regions of the Spanish colonies. All missions are installed according to a unique system and they comprise huge territories making huge profits.
(timeline of H. Jestrabek)

Miroslav Stingl - this Czech ethnologist and author wrote two important books "About Freedom Fight of Red Man" (original German: "Vom Freiheitskampf des roten Mannes") and "Inca Empire" (original German: "Das Reich der Inka"). These are the main sources of Jestrabek's web site. Stingl is calling "Encomienda" system the "ecclesial form of Encomienda".
(timeline of H. Jestrabek)

Here Mr. Stingl says what happened with Tarahumara natives in today's Chihuahua Province in today's north of Mexico by Encomienda system:

 
Map of Chihuahua Province in Mexico with the native territories (Tarahumara in blue) [46] - map of Chihuahua Province with the native communities [47]
  
Tarahumara natives, women [48] - Tarahumara natives, dance [49]

"Die Kirche liess sich durch die schlechten Erfahrungen der 'weltlichen' Eroberer jedoch nicht davon abhalten - auch das Tarahumaragebiet bis in den entferntesten Winkel hinein - mit einem Netz von Missionsstationen zu überziehen. Denn die Vertreter der katholischen Kirche - die im Gefolge der Konquistadoren in die neue Welt gekommen waren - sahen es als ihren göttlichen Auftrag an - die Indianer zum Christentum zu bekehren... Sie erhielten dafür kleine Parzellen - auf denen sie für ihre Familien etwas anbauen konnten - und eine winzige Entlohnung - die sie der Mission aber für Kleidung und ähnliches wieder zurückgaben - da auch der Handel in den Händen der Missionare lag. Überhaupt wurde das gesamte Leben von den Missionaren bestimmt - die Indianer wie unmündige Kinder behandelt und ihnen alles vorschrieben - vor allem natürlich die Kleidung und die Moral - aber sie reglementierten auch die Freizeit und das Privatleben. Mit dem ihnen eigenen Fanatismus versuchten sie die Indianer von ihren 'heidnischen' Sitten und Gebräuchen zu lösen - wobei sie unter Umständen auch harte Strafen anwandten - um sie zu gefügigen Schäfchen der katholischen Kirche zu machen - die im Diesseits dulden - um im Jenseits die ewige Seligkeit zu erhalten. Doch trotz allen Bemühungen ging die Missionierung gerade dieser noch auf niedrigerer Kulturstufe stehenden [Ureinwohnergruppen] nicht so leicht voran: Elemente der alten mythologischen Vorstellungen der Indianer verschmolzen mit den christlichen - wenn sie sich nicht überhaupt der Bekehrung entzogen. So ist es kein Wunder - wenn sich Pater Neumann in einem Brief an einen anderen tschechischen Angehörigen der Gesellschaft Jesu bitter beschwert: 'die Samen des Glaubens - die wir gesät haben - sind nicht aufgegangen. Ich kann nicht verhehlen, dass sich die Arbeit mit diesen Menschen mit steinernen Herzen nicht auszahlt. Einige geben nur vor zu Glauben - andere bezeugen überhaupt kein Interesse an solchen Dingen - wie Gebete - Gottesdienst - christliche Lehre. Sie empfinden keinen Abscheu vor der Sünde - haben kein Interesse an der ewigen Seligkeit... Sie schweigen verstockt über die heimlich Ungläubigen - und so können wir sie nicht... in die Arme Christi führen."

Translation: <Church was not hindered by the bad experience of the "secular" conquerers to install similar systems - also in the Tarahumara territory it was installed up to the last corner - with a net of mission stations terrorizing the population. Because the representatives of Catholic Church - who followed the conquerers to the New World - considered it as their divine order - converting all natives to Christianity... They got own little territories - for their plantations for their families - and they got a little salary - but with this money they bought clothes and similar things from the Church thus the Church got the money back - and at the end all trade was in the hands of the missioners. Just the whole life was dominated by the missioners - the natives were considered and treated like little children and all was prescribed for them - above all clothes and moral - but they were also ruling free time and private life. With their own fanaticism they tried to solve natives from their "non-believer's" customs and rites - sometimes applying hard penalties - forming them as obeying cheep for the Catholic Church - so they had to suffer on Earth for becoming happy in Heaven later. But despite of all energy the missionary work was not so successful with these native tribes which were on their lower cultural level: elements of old native mythological ideas were mixed with the Christian ones - and many did resist against any conversion. Thus it's no wonder - when priest Neumann is writing in a letter to another Czech member of the Jesus Society complaining: "The seed of belief we were sewing did not come up. I cannot deny that the work with those humans with stony hearts is not a good profit. Some only pretend to believe - others do not have any interest of such things - like prayers - divine service - Christian doctrine. They don't feel any sin committing sins - they are not interested in eternal bliss... They are mute without saying one word about the secret non-believers - and in this way we cannot lead them ... into the arms of Christ.>

From the beginning the Tarahumara natives were defending themselves in different ways. Again and again there were barbaric abuses by missioners and there were rebellions against it.
(timeline of H. Jestrabek)

since 1572
"Philippines": Manila becomes a "Spanish administration center" - Spanish racism with dwellers "intramuros" and "extramuros"
under Miguel López de Legazpi. During the following period most Western Spaniards on the "Philippines" are living in Manila.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

Most Spaniards are living within Manila: "Intramuros Manilas", within the town wall of Manila.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

There was the Governor's Palace, the Cathedral, and the College (Colegio)
(http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuros)

and there were all the members of the "Christian" racist orders
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuros)

and there were all the residences of the [racist] Spanish mightiest.
(Intramuros: The walled city within a city: http://photobento.wordpress.com/2013/03/30/intramuros-the-walled-city-within-a-city/)

[This town wall in Manila was a big military protection for the houses and was a big privileged for the racist "Christian" Spaniards. This "Intramuros" zone of Manila is on an island and is militarily even better protected. Later the channels is filled up converted into an alley. The whole region is a swamp where "the others" should settle. Up to the  18th century many swamps are drained and new districts are built on the swap soil...]

Map of Manila from the 18th century with dwellers "Intramuros" and "Extramuros" [50]

The racist "Christian" Spaniards are realizing the discrimination of all other nations in Manila: Chinese, Japanese, Muslims, and Filipinos and Filipinas are not allowed to live within the strong protection wall.
(Shirley Fish: "The Manila-Acapulco Galleons", p.71)

Spaniards not living in Manila are above all "ecclesial staff members", mostly from certain orders. Church and orders are becoming a decisive economical power in this way [with their direct connection to the population also in "extramuros"].
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

[Racism of "Christians" within the town walls against non-"Christians" outside the town walls was the same in Europe from 14th century to Napoleon in 1800].

Creation of the "Filipino" Spanish Papal State: with the authority of the viceroy of Mexico - "monk's rule"
On the "Philippines" a rigid unity of Church and state is installed. Catholic Church is rated the state's religion. The bishop of Manila is subject to the archbishop of Mexico until 1595.

The "Philippines" are subject to the viceroy of Mexico. The legal base of the administration is made above all by the "Indian Laws" (original in Spanish: "Recopilación de Leyes de las Indias", known as "Indian Laws" ("Leyes de Indias").

[which is not understood by the natives...]

In the administration there is partly anarchy, abuse of power and corruption. Theoretically the administration is structured in the following way:

-- the king of Spain is ruling with a council for Indian relationships
-- there is the viceroy of Mexico
-- there is the general governor (orig. Spanish: gobernador) in Manila
-- there are chiefs for provinces and towns
-- there is governmental clerk staff (Filipinos, orig. Spanish: "gobernadorcillos") for the native population in the "pueblos" which are elected every year
-- and there are tax collectors (orig. Spanish: cabezas de baranguay) on the lowest administration level.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

In other places outside of Manila the pastor has got the Spanish power unifying with it's position the power
-- of rite and magic
-- of confessions
-- of marriage
-- of tax collector
-- of supervisor for education, law, local elections
-- organizing slavery and collecting taxes
-- keeping trade monopolies.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

Financially the administration of the "Philippines" is dependent on the financing (real situado) from Mexico. Every year the "Philippines" are financed by the state's treasury of Mexico by an average of 250,000 Pesos.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")
 
"Filipino" Encomiendas as a gift from the government - labor slavery and taxes
Spain was rewarding services of seamen and soldiers for the Crown with Encomiendas. First they were given during two generations, since 1636 for three generations. Then the territories fall back to the Crown. The owners of these Encomiendas are mostly living in Manila and by middlemen they are collecting the taxes from the territories. Encomiendas are giving the right to have the following profits and services which normally are only for the king:

-- labor service (Polo). This labor service was for all male Filipinos between 16 and 60 during 40 days, since 1884 15 days. Members of native upper class (Principalia) can save themselves (buy off) from this labor service by payments.

-- taxes (Bandala): per family 1 peso, since 1851 it's 1,5 pesos. In 1884 this Bandala tax is replaced by Cedula tax (tax per person).

Collecting Polo services and Bandala taxes the clerks and monks and middlemen (being members of "Principalia") are applying any abuse against the population.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")


1573

Spain, Philip II: "New orders for new discoveries"
Philip II (Felipe II) is ordering new royal orders "Royal Orders for New Discoveries" ("Órdenes Reales para los Nuevos Descubrimientos" which is a directive for more colonizations. This rule has got Franciscan mission principles as it's base.
(Internet: Bilingual time line of North "America": http://www2.alcala.es/asi/timeline/1500.htm)

Viceroyalty of Peru: "Foundation" of the town of Córdoba
From Santiago de Chile the colonialist [racist "Christian"] Spaniards are expanding their colonial territory against the Mapuches founding one [racist "Christian] town after the other one, now the town of Córdoba (Huby, p.58).

since 1573

Viceroyalty of Peru: Potosí: "mita" slavery for the natives

In 1573 under the Viceroy of Toledo there are 3,773 natives already in the mita slavery system working in mines, smelteries and salt lakes and on building sites for road constructioning etc. In the next years 1,000s of natives will suffer their death by this "mita" system. Probably more "mita" natives have died by mercury intoxications than in the mines itself.
(Potosí education web site from Bolivia: http://illimani.umsanet.edu.bo/misc/bolivia/III1351.HTM#iii13515)

Potosí is becoming the biggest center of "silver production" of Colonial Spain. "Cerro Rico Mountain" ("Rich Mountain", in Quechua: "Sumaj Orcko") is "delivering" Spain metals in the mines of Porco and Portogalete without end (resp. the natives are working hard and are dying for the whites).

And metal industry is developing with it. Another kind of industry is textile production with the wool of the lamas, pecuñas and sheep.
(Potosí education web site from Bolivia: http://illimani.umsanet.edu.bo/misc/bolivia/III1351.HTM#iii13515)

Metal exploitation of Potosi is financing big parts of the wars of Philip II and his successors.
(Bolivia: Potosí. A Proud History: http://jaguar.pg.cc.md.us/historia.html)

1574
"Philippines": Manila sieged by Chinese pirates under Limahong - De Goiti killed with most of Spaniards - Spanish reinforcements - Salcedo with reconquest of Manila

Limahong - a notorious Chinese pirate leader with 2,000 pirates who had attacked many Chinese ports before had also defeated another pirate leader Vintoquián. Now Limahong had 95 ships and was the ruler of the Chinese South Sea. Then he gathered 3,000 pirates for a big flight from China to the northern "Philippines" where he was installing his kingdom making also wars against the Spaniards. Chinese Ming Emperor was chasing him with 40,000 soldiers and 135 ships with the aim to seize and kill the pirates. At the beginning of 1574 the pirates under Limahong were capturing other trade ships learning that Manila was a trade center not well protected so they were sieging Manila with the aim to invade the Spanish quarter "Intramuros".
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahong)

Limahong was also known under the name of Lin Feng. With his wild troops he attacked Manila twice and was rejected twice.
(Haidao Provincial Governor (Cishi); In the forum: http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/topic/1393-massacre-and-slaughter-of-the-overseas-chinese/page-28)

Limahong, Chinese pirate boss, portrait [51]

<In 1574, De Goiti fought in the war during the invasion of about 3,000 Chinese sea pirates who had sailed from the South China sea. Their leader, Limahong, besieged on the Spanish ["Christian" racist] settlements in Manila. De Goiti was killed by pirates, who massacred most of the Spaniards in the villages. Most of the Spanish reinforcements came from Vigan and Cebu. Martín de Goiti's second in command, Juan de Salcedo left Ilocos Sur, after hearing the news and traveled to Manila where he discovered their settlements had been ceded to the pirates. Salcedo's forces attacked and drove the pirates out of Manila.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti)

Salcedo had an army of 600 soldiers.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedo)

Limahong and his fleets retreated to Pangasinan [on central Luzon Island] where they re-organize their forces.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti)

In the battle for the Spanish town of Parañaque of November 29, 1574 the Chinese pirates are repulsed by the troops of Salcedo. The Spaniards are defending that strong that the sea is full of their red blood and the battle is called "Red Sea Incident". The strong Spanish defense has the effect that Limahong is resigning to any occupation of the Manila region.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahong)

  
Map of the northern "Philippines" with Manila and Pangasinan province [52] - Pangasinan Province with Agno River, map [53]

Chinese pirates under Limahong in Pangasinan Province with lies taking tax and tributes and taking hostages

Limahong with his pirate army was installing a fort in Pangasinan at Agno River and also let build pagoda temples for a longer settlement. Limahong lied to the natives he had conquered the Spaniards ruling them as their king enforcing the natives to pay taxes and tributes to him. Limahong not only lied and took tributes but took the principal native chiefs also as hostages. But the Spaniards did not accept any competition anyway and sent a spying ship after the fleet of Limahong thus the [racist "Christian"] Spaniards knew where Limahong and his pirates were settling: in Pangasinan at Agno River only about 4 miles from the sea...
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahong)

   
Bay in Pangasinan [54] - Agno River in Pangasinan [55] - rice plantation in Pangasinan [56]

1575
"Philippines": Spanish victory against Chinese pirates in Pangasinan - flight of pirate leader Limahong

<In 1575, Salcedo's army marched [went with ships] north to Pangasinan, in pursuit of the pirates, and besieged them for three months. There the Spaniards captured Limahong and his fleets in the river of Pangasinan and executed them.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti)

The Spaniards are joined by natives as allies against the Chinese pirates:

<An expedition of 256 Spaniards and about 2,500 Filipino troops, including the Lakandula of Tondo and his sons, set sail in 59 vessels for Lingayen on the 23rd of March, 1575. In Pangasinan, the motley army was swelled by the addition of some companies of Pangasinan soldiers. They crossed the bar of the Agno River on the 30th of March, 1574, their presence unsuspected by the Chinese.>

And then after 4 months the flight of the Chinese with Limahong is coming:

After 4 months of siege and after some Spanish changes of positions (first blocking the river, then watching the fort from an island in the river) the Limahong pirates succeeded in constructing new vessels in the fort itself and and in building a new channel from the fort to the river. They escape on 4 August 1575 in the night. A barrier with Spanish fire poles is removed by the Chinese pirates and Limahong can flee to Tocaotican Island where he dies some time later. In the region of Pangasinan there are many mestizo children with Chinese characters being from these Chinese pirates and until today the population of Pangasinan can be well differenciated from the other Filipinos by bodily special Chinese characters.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahong)

since 1575
"Philippines"-China: China permitting "trade" with the Spaniards
Spanish pleads provoke that China is opening the port of Amoy (Xiamen) for Manila trade procedures.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

Map with China with Xiamen and Hong Kong and with Taiwan Island [57]

1576
"Greenland": English "search for a west way": expedition under Martin Trobisher
The English expedition under Martin Trobisher is detecting the southern tip of "Greenland" and "Baffin Land" - just a second time after the Vikings detected it (Huby, p.16).

1577
English "search for a west way": Martin Trobisher near "Hall Island"
(Huby, p.16)

"Philippines": First Franciscan mission since 1577
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

1578 ca.
English actions: Drake's assaults against Spanish ports at the Pacific - "New Albion" ("New England")
(Reinhard II, p.54: 1579)

English naval terrorist Drake has got an "idea" after having passed Magellan Strait: He wants to rob Spanish settlements at the Pacific coast line. With 5 ships and 164 especially "trained" elite pirates he is starting from England (Huby, p.18).

Drake's Expedition is passing Magellan Strait robbing one Spanish port after another at the Pacific coast line because these ports are not protected. Drake's expedition is reaching up to the later Bay of San Francisco. The expedition is welcomed there by the Miwok natives. But Drake lets conquer the land and is announcing a "New Albion" ("New England") there (Huby, p.18).

Francis Drake [58]

Map with the route of English pirate Francis Drake 1577-1580, he robbed all the South "American" town on the coast line, and made spice trade in South East Asia [59]

1578

"Philippines": introduction of "holy inquisition"
following the model of Mexico, represented by a commissioner:

->> all whites being suspected of heresy are captured in Manila and are deported to Mexico where they are presented to the "holy inquisition"
->> but Filipinos and Chinese are not affected by inquisition.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

[So this inquisition is one more time only headed against secret Jewish refugees - just the normal racist "Christian" behavior of those times, and there were just the normal reactions]:

Change of names on the "Philippines" because of Inquisition
Family names are changes on the "Philippines" because of man hunting against humans with Jewish roots:

<However, upon the commencement of persecutions the Dulay family's descendants changed their surnames even further and thus we have the Salonga and Macapagal families are known descendants of these royal houses but subsist under a different family name.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti)

1579 ca.
English action: Drake's expedition on the Moluccas Islands
Naval terrorist Sir Francis Drake is following another part of his secret English mission trying to occupy some territory for Great Britain in South East Asian islands of the Moluccas.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

On the Moluccas Islands Drake can make a deal with robbed Spanish gold for new spices (Huby, p.18).

1580
English propaganda: "Discovery of America" was in 1170 already
English propaganda representing Queen Elisabeth I is inventing a sailor Madoc from Wales and he is said having detected "America" in 1170 already which is proved again and again by natives who are allegedly speaking the language of Wales. This legend is spread by England until the end of the 18th century (Reinhard, vol.II, p.38).

English actions: Drake coming home with spices
Drake's expedition is reaching the home port of Plymouth. By selling the spices from South East Asia Drake is becoming rich and for this robbery action he is even getting a title of Lord given by the English Queen (Huby, p.18).

Viceroyalty of Peru: "Foundation" of the town of "Buenos Aires" ("Good Air")
coming from Lima passing the town of Asunción [not coming from the sea as one would think].

With this foundation of "Buenos Aires" the net of town for the Spanish colonial power is completed and the exploitation of South "America" can go on fully now (Huby, p.58).

Manila: Chinese district / Chinese ghetto "Parian"
In 1580 / 1581 the Chinese quarter in Manila is placed just aside of "intramuros":

Plan of Manila with the "Christian" center with the town wall "intramuros" and with the Chinese district or ghetto "Parian", the first position was next to it [60]

In 1580 in Manila the Chinese are ordered into their own district - called Parian.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines").

Other web sites mention the year of 1581 [may be this was the opening year after the construction].
(The Parian (Chinese ghetto in Manila): http://scribblingblues.wordpress.com/2011/02/01/the-parian/)

Parian Chinese ghetto is also called "Pantin".
(http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Parian)

Chinese ghetto "Parian" is placed near the center of "Intramuros" because in this way "Parian" ghetto is within the range of the Spanish cannons. Thus the Spanish mean that in this way any upheaval could be hindered.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binondo)

The Chinese were outnumbering the Spaniards and then the Spaniards were deciding that the Chinese had to convert to "Christianity" or have to go to the ghetto.
(http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Parian)

Parian ghetto exists from the 16th to the 19th century. The Spaniards are afraid that the Chinese are dominating the Philippines with their trade so the Spaniards are fearing another uprising like the one of the Chinese pirate Limahong and then they try to limit the Chinese with a ghetto. Spaniards and Filipinos are proceeding their shopping activities in Parian purchasing Chinese products. Parian District is becoming the hot spot trade center of Manila. The gate of the Chinese ghetto (known as Parian Gate, Spanish: "Puerta del Parian") is opened only during daylight. Sometimes from time to time the Chinese ghetto is moved to other locations: <The Parian moved from time to time and persisted until the late 19th century.>
(The Parian (Chinese ghetto in Manila): http://scribblingblues.wordpress.com/2011/02/01/the-parian/)

This Chinese district "Parian"
-- is becoming the economic center of Manila, the "trading hub", the "nerve-center of business life in Manila"
-- is becoming "the backbone of the galleon trade with Acapulco for almost 200 years"
-- and "many Chinese craftsmen provide their skilled services" there: "shipbuilders, carpenters, sculptors, weavers, and many others"
(The Parian (Chinese ghetto in Manila): http://scribblingblues.wordpress.com/2011/02/01/the-parian/)

<The community had more than a hundred shops comprising the Chinese silk market, small shops of tailors, cobblers, painters, bakers, confectioners, candle makers, silversmiths, apothecaries and other tradesmen.>
(http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Parian)

The word of "Parian" means "market place":

<Chinese goods and wares for trade were dropped off in the main port area in the intramuros and transported via small boats called cascos, and entered through Tinago, a wide waterway. They would unload their products in what we now call as Parian, a name that traces its roots to a Mexican word for marketplace.>
(The Story of Parian (Chinese ghetto in Manila): http://pariansasugbu.wordpress.com/)

And then the Spaniards invented new taxes against Chinese with the aim for reducing Chinese immigration in this way:

Up to 15,000 Chinese traders are living in Parian. For reducing this Chinese immigration the Spanish colonial power is introducing high special taxes for the Chinese:
-- 64 reales for a permission of stay
-- 5 reales tax
-- 12 reales for the right purchasing properties.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines").

White racist architecture in Manila
	Manila Cathedral [61] It was destroyed by earthquakes five times. The last reconstruction was in 1958.

More Chinese districts on the "Philippines"
<Similar districts were also established in the different parts of the country such as
-- the Parian de Cebu in Cebu City and
-- the Pariancillo de Naga in Camarines Sur.>
(The Parian (Chinese ghetto in Manila): http://scribblingblues.wordpress.com/2011/02/01/the-parian/)

1580 appr.
Viceroyalty of Peru, Potosí: Full "production" and slavery with effect up to Europe
In about 1580 all mines are reaching their "full production" and the industrial infrastructure is consisting of 22 dams and about 100 drilling machines. This is the beginning of the "boom of Potosí" which is lasting up to the 17th century. The growth of the town has an effect to the ports in Buenos Aires and in Lima. The mines of Potosí are playing a decisive role in the European economy.
(POTOSI. (Mining city of) Bolivia: http://www.ovpm.org/ovpm/sites/apotos.html)

Potosí today, areal photo [62]

Miner ("minero") in Potosí (2005) [63]

since 1580
Spain, Portugal: union and world wide empire under Philip II
Philip II is conquering Portugal. Thus Portugal is not a competition any more and there will be no war about the "Philippines" any more.
(M.Payer: Chronik zur Geschichte der Philippinen)

Map with the Empire of Philip II on which the sun never sets... [64]

since 1580 appr.
England: emigration to "New England colonies" by false promises of richness and by religious reasons
In England an emigration wave is coming up. Wool industries are not growing with the population. The travel passing the Atlantic to the first stations in North "America" is made for installing more welfare there, but emigrations are also performed by religious reasons for evading punishments. And this "American" continent contains minerals waiting for an English exploitation.
(R.H.Ossian: Pirate King's Library: http://web.history.ufl.edu/west1/expan.htm)

1581-1583: Peru: viceroy Martin Enriquez [65] - just a normal "Christian" racist
	He is the 6th viceroy. He is founding the Royal College of San Martín. He is reintroducing the lash service as a messenger service, and he is equipping a fleet for intervening against pirates who are threatening the coast lines of the viceroyalty. (Virreyes del Peru: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Land/4029/menuvirrey.htm)

1581
"Philippines": the first Jesuits are coming
(M.Payer: Chronik zur Geschichte der Philippinen)

1582
Reform Popes: calendar reform under Gregory XIII
(DTV Atlas I, p.239).

Mexico, N-"America": expedition up to Rio Grande River under Antonio de Espejo
(Internet: Bilingual time line of North "America": http://www2.alcala.es/asi/timeline/1500.htm)

1584-1589: Peru: viceroy Fernando Torres y Portugal  [66] - just another "Christian" racist He is called the duke "of Villar" ("de Villar"). He is organizing the financial matters delivering important tax funds to the Crown. He is confronted with the pirate Thomas Cavendish and fighting him he lets burn the towns of Arica and Pisco completely. (Virreyes del Peru: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Land/4029/menuvirrey.htm)

March 19, 1583
Manila: Chinese ghetto "Parian" burning down - new place

<On March 19, 1583, a devastating fire burned the Parian to the ground. Because of this, Gov. Diego Ronquillo gave the Chinese a tract of land a little farther from its original site (present-day Liwasang Bonifacio).>

(The Parian (Chinese ghetto in Manila): http://scribblingblues.wordpress.com/2011/02/01/the-parian/)

On the old location next to the "Intramuros" District parks and Plaza Arroceros is built, later renamed under the "U.S." occupation of 1898 in Plaza Lawton.
(Liwasang Bonifacio (near Intramuros in Manila): http://www.theurbanroamer.com/tag/liwasang-bonifacio/)

Repeated fires and reconstructions of Parian - total loss for the Chinese again and again!

< It was much bigger than the first one with four buildings and a few houses made of nipa [mangroves] and pawid [palm leaves]. However, the area was again destroyed by a fire.>

(The Parian (Chinese ghetto in Manila): http://scribblingblues.wordpress.com/2011/02/01/the-parian/)

The story of Parian's locations

<The location of the Parian moved from time to time and persisted until 1790. The first Parian was situated in the current location of the Arroceros Forest Park along the banks of the Pasig River. The second Parian was built in 1583 after the first Parian burned down. The original location is now called Liwasang Bonifacio. The area endured until the end of the 18th century. The Chinese community later moved to other parts of Manila including Binondo, Sta. Cruz, and Tondo. The second-to-last Parian was shaped liked an octagon and was also built near Pasig River.>

(http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Parian)

Map with the center of Manila with Intramuros, Arreceros Square (Lawton Square), Liwasang-Bonifacio and Binondo, Sta. Cruz , and Tondo [67]

1585

Reform Popes: Sixtus V.
Since Sixtus V there are regular reports about visits and there is a reform in the cardinal reform (DTV Atlas vol.I, p.239).

England, Spain, Santo Domingo, N-"America":
Attack under Francis Drake against Vigo and Santo Domingo - first English settlement "Roanoke" in North "America" (today in Virginia)
This attack is coming following another order by Queen Elisabeth I from England.
(Internet: Bilingual timeline of Northamerica: http://www2.alcala.es/asi/timeline/1500.htm)

1585: map of the coast line of South "America" by John White

John White, map with the coast line of South "America": La Virginia Pars ["Virgin area"], 1585 [68]

["Virginia" means virgin land. It seems that all this colonization of "America" with it's white and "Christian" propaganda was also interpreted as a sexual action of deflorations robbing virginities...]

1586
England-Spain: attack under Francis Drake against Florida
against San Augustín.
(Internet: Bilingual timeline of Northamerica: http://www2.alcala.es/asi/timeline/1500.htm)

1587
"Philippines": First Dominicans are coming
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

1587 appr.
Manila: reconstruction of the Chinese quarter of "Parian" with a pond, a punishment island and with channels
<Later on, Gov. Santiago de Vera [1584-1590] built bigger and stronger buildings made of adobe and cement. The new Parian was beautiful than the previous ones. It has an astanque or pond built from its former marshy grounds. Esteros (channels) were also built in order to link the area to the bay where ships from China can unload and trade their products. In the middle of the pond was an island where the Chinese convicted of crimes were punished. A Chinese local official known as gobernadorcillo de chino [little governor of the Chinese] oversees the Parian.>
(The Parian (Chinese ghetto in Manila): http://scribblingblues.wordpress.com/2011/02/01/the-parian/)

1588
Manila: 10,000 Chinese inhabitants
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

1589: Map of the Pacific by Abraham Ortelius

Map of the Pacific ("Maris Pacifici") by Abraham Ortelius from 1589 [69]

[Only now it's clear that there is no land between Asia and North "America"].

1589
Cuba: construction of the fortress "Castillo de Morro" in Havana

For protecting the initial town of [racist "Christian" Catholic] Spanish colonialism the Spanish power in Havana is beginning with the Morro Castle ("Castillo de Morro") which is complete in 1613 (Huby, p.65).

Example of a Spanish racist fortress - Castillo de Morro [Clifftop Castle] in Havana in Cuba [70]

[Now all the towns need big town walls and fortresses for being defended. All colonial powers are building it at their trading posts and in whole Europe all towns get such walls and fortresses. There is the question how many slaves were loosing their lives by only these fortification works. And all this work was done only because the stupid "Christian" men cannot be peaceful but they only have the extermination of the other as their aim. This "Christianity" is really a stupid and a crazy religion...]

1589-1596: Peru: viceroy Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza [71] - just a normal Spanish "Christian" racist
	He was the 8th viceroy being appointed by Philip II. He is managing regular tax paying. He is inventing a new tax paying system "Almojarifazgo". And he is founding the town of Castro Virreyna [Castro Vicereine]. (Virreyes del Peru: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Land/4029/menuvirrey.htm)

August 9, 1589

"Philippines": order for slave's liberation and prohibition of slavery

There is the application by the bishop of Manila, Domingo Salazar, and by the upper staff of the order, and then emperor Philip II is ordering the liberation of all slaves and the prohibition of all slavery on the "Philippines".
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

1590

Reform Popes: new Vulgata edition under Sixtus V.

(DTV-Atlas I, p.239).

England, N-"America": settlement "Roanoke" is left empty

A relief expedition finds the settlement of "Roanoke" in today's "Virginia" as a left empty, and this seems mysterious.

(Internet: Bilingual timeline of Northamerica: http://www2.alcala.es/asi/timeline/1500.htm)

Manila: good Chinese in the Chinese Parian ghetto

In 1590 bishop Domingo de Salazar is writing to the king about the Chinese ghetto district of Parian:

<The Parian has adorned the city so that I do not hesitate to affirm your Majesty that no other known city in España [Spain] or in these regions possesses anything so well worth seeing as this: for in it can be found the whole trade of China [...] workmen of all trades and handicrafts [...] doctors and apothecaries [...] There were also many eating houses where the Sangleys [= Chinese of pure race] and the natives take their meals; and I have been told that these are frequented even by the Spaniards.>
(from: Zaide, Sonia M.: The Philippines: A unique nation. - Cubano: All-Nations Publishing, 1994. - ISBN 971-642-005-6. - p.164; In: M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

Table: Development of the Chinese population in Manila
1571	150
1588	10.000
1603	30.000
1748	40.000
1886	67.000
1896	100.000
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

1591
Pope-"Philippines": ordering the liberation of the slaves
Now also Pope Gregory XIV (Pope 1590-1591) is threatening all with excommunication when they do not free their slaves.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

1592
Mexico: minerals detected and "foundation" of a second Potosi: San Luis Potosi
At the beginning of 1592 white men are detecting the mines of San Pedro Mountain (Cerro de San Pedro) and a location San Luis Minas del Potosi is founded in November 1592. The main characters with this are the Franciscan missionary "brother" Mr. Diego de la Magdalena, together with the mestizo and "captain" Mr. Miguel Caldera, and the third main character is the mayor Don Juan de Oñate.
(La epoca colonial: http://www.angelfire.com/ok/Sanluis/colon.html)

Map of Mexico with San Luis Potosí [72]

1592
S-"America"-Bogotá: foundation of the first Spanish "university" in Bogotá
(DTV Atlas I, p.225).

[All native kind of living with nature is denied in these "universities", and all high native wisdom about nature and extraterrestrials is systematically exterminated].

May 1592
Japan threatening the "Philippines" - Corea is conquered already by the Japanese - and then the Japanese imperialist is dying

Hideyoshi has conquered Korea already and the "Philippines should be forced to pay tributes by a simple letter in May 1592:

<Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent a letter to Governor General Gomez Perez Dasmariñas in May 1592 threatening to invade the Philippines unless the Spanish colonizers recognized his suzerain control and pay tribute to him. At that time Spanish defenses were weak and Hideyoshi had already invaded Korea in preparation for a conquest of China. Dasmariñas knew that Spanish forces in the Philippines would be no match for the Japanese and stalled for time by sending gifts but declining the demand for tribute. Hideyoshi was already gathering a huge fleet for the invasion of the islands. However his unexpected death removed the threat of an invasion.>

(Haidao Provincial Governor (Cishi); In the forum: http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/topic/1393-massacre-and-slaughter-of-the-overseas-chinese/page-28)

1595
Chinese "visit" of Manila - without attack
A strange Chinese fleet is coming to Manila with hardly any goods or ware, but with many people. When they see that Manila has got a strong fortification the Chinese are returning home:

<Then this in 1595: [...] There arrived in Manila many Chinese ships, ostensibly for trade. However, they carried many men and little merchandise, with seven Mandarins bearing the insignia of their office. This led to the suspicion on the part of the Spaniards that the Chinese had heard of the departure of most of the Spanish forces for the Moluccas, and had sent a fleet to try to conquer the nearly defenseless islands. However, seeing the city as strongly defended as ever, the Chinese made no hostile moves. They returned to China without showing any particular motive for the journey, and without either side mentioning the apparent motive.>

(Haidao Provincial Governor (Cishi); In the forum: http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/topic/1393-massacre-and-slaughter-of-the-overseas-chinese/page-28)

end of the 16th century
Europa, Fugger family: the business house is coming down
-- by Spanish public bankruptcies
-- by fights within the family
-- by heirs without being interested in colonial business (DTV Atlas vol.I, p.215).

1593 (-1813)
Mexico-"Philippines": trade by galleon ships is monopolized fighting lower prices: monopoly ports are Manila and Acapulco
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")  

Acapulco
Acapulco today, sky scrapers are blocking the view of other houses [73] Acapulco, fortress San Diego, today a Historical Museum [74]	Acapulco town map with the big port bay "Puerto Marqués" [75]

Trade good flow between Asia - "Philippines" - "America"
Galleon ship trade was growing during the last 20 years. The main goods from Asia to Acapulco are:
-- porcelain and silk from China
-- carpets from Persia
-- perfumes from Arabia
-- spices from the Moluccas
-- fabrics from India
-- pearls and pottery from the "Philippines".
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

Main goods from Mexico for Asia are:
-- the annual funds (real situado) for the administration of the "Philippines"
-- Mexican silver pesos as a payment for the goods
-- wool from Saltillo
-- cacao from Chiapas and Tabasco
-- purple color from Oaxaca.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

By donkey caravans Chinese ware is transported from Acapulco to other towns in the inner of the country to Ciudad de México, Puebla, Guadalajara, Vera Cruz etc. One part of the Chinese goods are transported on by ship to other colonial countries like Guatemala, Ecuador, Peru, Chile and Argentina.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

Monopoly decree by Philip II for price control
In 1593 Philip II is prohibiting the direct trade between China and "America" with a decree. As a connection only Manila is allowed. For keeping the quantity of Chinese ware on "a low level" only one Spanish port is authorized for trading Chinese goods, this is Acapulco in today's Mexico. With this the galleon ship trade is monopolized. Chinese products (above all silk) are brought to Manila (mostly by Chinese). There the goods are taken on Spanish galleon ships and shifted to Mexico where the silk is payed in silver which is loved in China.

And there is the limitation that in any direction just one single galleon ship is authorized per year. Investments in the galleon ship trade are profitable: Normally the profit is 300% of the invested money.

(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

"Pious foundations" ("Obras Pias"): profit sharing and banking development [!]
Church is directly sharing the profits in the colonial trade by "pious foundations" ("Obras Pias"). The money of the foundations is invested into the trade and the profits are used for more or less caritative purposes. The "pious foundation" of "Santa Misericordia" for example is getting a profit of 70,000 Pesos per year. In these "Obras Pias" included are also the first banks giving loans to traders with different interest rates.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

1593: World map by Cornelius de Jode

Hemispheriu Ab Aequinoctiali Linea, Ad Circulu Poli Arctici... Poli Atarctici, Cornelius de Jode, 1593 [76]

1594
"Philippines": "Chinatown" in Manila in Binondo District

Plan of Manila with Intramuros and Chinatown district Binondo [77]

In Binondo the Spaniards under Spanish General Governor Louis Pérez Dasmariñas are permitting the construction of a new "Chinatown" permitting settling to the following Chinese
-- pure Chinese (called "Sangleys"), with their native Filipina brides and their mestizo children
-- to all mestizos resp. Chinese mestizos.

An there is also the Chinese ghetto called "Parian" with Chinese immigrants. First the Parian ghetto near "Intramuros" should be replaced where Chinese people had to live until those days. But then the Spaniards are granting some land to Chinese merchants and artisans for constructing Binondo, tax free and with limited self governing privileges.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binondo)

Psycho terrorism in "Chinatown" in Manila by "Christian" mission and extortions
But Binondo should not be Chinese, but the Spanish Dominicans are converting Binondo into their own community by manipulation of many dwellers to Catholicism. Spanish "Christian" policy is simply threatening Chinese people with expulsion or with killing when they would not convert....
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binondo)

[These forced conversions by extortion are just a good example of "Christian" behavior. Some time the Chinese will react to this "Christian" psycho terrorism and to these extortions committed by the "Christian" colonialists...]

Mestizos in Manila forming an own community
Mestizo children from Chinese fathers and Filipina mothers are forming an own mestizo community which is growing fast. There are no Chinese women.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binondo)

[If there was a prohibition of marriage for not converted Chinese is not mentioned but seems probable].

Chinatown in Binondo is getting water channels and port facilities
<Binondo became the main center for business and finance in Manila for the ethnic Chinese, Chinese mestizos and Spanish Filipinos. During the Spanish colonial period, many esteros (canals) were constructed in the Binondo area, from where they entered the Pasig River. Among the many who married at the historic Binondo Church was Andres Bonifacio in 1895, who became a hero of the Philippine Revolution.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binondo)

And the counter measure against new Chinatown comes here:

1595
"Philippines": Manila: capital and becoming an archdiocese

Only now Manila is becoming the official capital of the "Philippines" by declaration. On the "Philippines" Catholic Church is installing an own archdiocese. With this maneuver the archbishop of Manila is subject to the Pope directly.
(M. Payer: time line about the "Philippines")

1596-1604: Peru: viceroy Luis de Velazco [78]

He is the 9th viceroy. During his government the town of Huaraz in the country side is founded and the service for the natives is abrogates. He is also supporting the education work and mission work of the Jesuits, and he can perform the first counting of the population. According to this counting Lima had 14,252 inhabitants. [These were whites. The natives were not allowed to live in racist Spanish Lima]. (Virreyes del Peru: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Land/4029/menuvirrey.htm)

1597
Manila: Chinese District "Parian" is burning down again
<The district was burned again in 1597. A new Parian was erected far from Intramuros so that the latter will be spared if another fire broke out. After a few years, the Dominican friars established a district named Binundok (Binondo today), a forested area between Tondo and Quiapo. It became the site of the new Parian.>
(The Parian (Chinese ghetto in Manila): http://scribblingblues.wordpress.com/2011/02/01/the-parian/)

[Chinese ghetto of "Parian": precious goods in cheap houses with a narrow construction - big fires are deliberately provoked
There is no indication about the causes for the big fires in Parian or if somebody set fire there deliberately. But precious goods should be stored in stable houses with some distance between the houses so a fire is limited to only one house when there will be one! So these big fires in Parian were also provoked by Spanish rulers not granting houses of quality and the safe space for the precious Chinese trade goods. Thus it seems that the repeated total losses of the Chinese community were also deliberately provoked by the Spanish racist "Christians"].

1598
Mexico: proclamation of "New Mexico" by Juan de Oñate and "foundation" of the town of San Gabriel
(timeline of H. Jestrabek)

See the details about "Christian" missionary terrorism under Juan de Oñate at Rio Grande River and in New Mexico:

<Oñate was born in the New Spain (colonial Mexico) city of Zacatecas to Spanish-Basque colonists and silver mine owners. In 1595 he was granted a request by King Philip II to colonize the northern frontier of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. His stated objective was to spread Roman Catholicism by establishing new missions in Nuevo México [New Mexico].

He began the expedition in 1598, fording the Rio Grande (Río del Norte) near present day El Paso in late April. On April 30, 1598, he claimed all of the territory across the river crossing to the north for the Spanish Empire. That summer his party continued up the middle Rio Grande Valley to present day northern New Mexico, where he encamped among the Pueblo Indians. He founded the Province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, and was its first colonial governor. Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá, a captain of the expedition, chronicled Oñate’s conquest of New Mexico’s indigenous peoples in his epic Historia de la Nueva México [History of New Mexico] in 1610.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Oñate)

October 1598-1599

New Mexico: Juan de Oñate almost exterminating an Acoma native village - 800 killed, cutting 80 feet and enslaving women for 20 years

    
Map with Mexico and Federal State of New Mexico [79] - an Acoma Pueblo native village of "Sky City" in dry New Mexico [80] - Don Juan de Oñate, just one more "Christian" mass murderer [81]

     
Map with New Mexico with native regions of Acoma, Zuni, Diné, Apaches etc. [82] - and Acoma Pueblo natives:
Acoma Pueblo natives with woven tapestry [83] - Acoma Pueblo native with pottery [84] - Acoma Pueblo native dancer with costume [85]

All in all there are 3 Acoma native villages today: Sky City (Old Acoma), Acomita, and McCartys.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo)

Acoma natives are one of 19 tribes of Pueblo natives living today in Acoma Pueblo. The name comes from the native word "Akoma" meaning "people from the white rock".
(http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoma)

With one village of the Acoma Pueblo natives Mr. Oñate has got certain "difficulties" because they are not accepting theft of food which is needed for the winter. In which village the mass murder is organized is not quoted. Perhaps the whole Acoma population is affected in this "Christian" mass murder action. Here are the details:

<Oñate soon gained a reputation as a stern ruler of both the Spanish colonists and the indigenous people. In October 1598, a skirmish erupted when Oñate's occupying Spanish military demanded supplies from the Acoma Pueblo people, demanding provisions that were essential for the Acoma to survive the oncoming winter. The Acoma resisted and 11 Spaniards were killed, amongst them Don Juan Oñate’s nephew. The battle began and in January 1599, Oñate retaliated for the loss of his nephew with the Acoma War. The retaliatory strike by Oñate left 800 villagers, including men, women, and children dead. They enslaved the remaining 500, and by Don Juan’s decree , they amputated the left foot of every Acoma man over the age of twenty-five. Females were sent off to be slaves for twenty years. Eighty men had one of their feet amputated, though some commentator put the figure of those mutilated at "only" twenty-four.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Oñate)

Wikipedia web site about Acoma people directly is telling about 600 killed Acoma people, about slavery, about amputated right feet, about burnt houses and forced "Christian" missionary stations after the Acoma Massacre and Acoma War, and tax in form of crops - where almost nothing is growing - more cruel crazy "Christians" cannot be:

<By 1598, relationships with the Spaniards had declined. In December of that year, the Acoma heard that Juan de Oñate had intended on colonizing the area. The Acoma ambushed a group of Oñate's men, killing 11 of them, including Oñate's nephew. The Spanish took revenge on the Acoma, burning most of the village and killing more than 600 people and imprisoning approximately 500 others. Prisoners of war were forced into slavery and men over 25 years old had their right foot amputated. A row of houses on the north side of the mesa still retain marks from the fire started by a cannon during the Acoma War. Survivors of the Acoma Massacre would recover and rebuild their community and Oñate would proceed to force the Acoma and other local Indians to pay taxes in crops, cotton, and labor. Spanish rule also brought Catholic missionaries into the area.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo)

[Of course Oñate wanted to "find" gold, but here in New Mexico he could hardly find the food for the winter, and with this fury the massacre was proceeding. Without gold he had no chance for a great career with the Emperor. So the Spaniards only were manipulating the native identity]:

1598
New Mexico: terrorism of Spanish names by dictator Juan de Oñate - and the foundation of "Christian" town on the ruins of the natives

<The Spanish renamed the pueblos with the names of saints and started to construct churches at them. New crops also were introduced to the Acoma, including peaches, peppers, and wheat.>
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo)

For example in 1598 dictator Juan de Oñate renamed the native Tewa village of Ohkay Owingeh ("place of the strong people") as "San Juan Pueblo" ("Holy John Village") and only in 2005 the village got it's native name again.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohkay_Owingeh,_New_Mexico)

Or in same 1598 the same Catholic "Christian" dictator Juan de Oñate is installing a new capital of New Mexico on the ruins of another village:

<Under Oñate’s leadership, Spanish colonists established the first European capital of New Mexico at San Juan de los Caballeros [Holy John from the riders], at the former site of a pueblo called Caypa.>
(San Gabriel de Yunque-Ouinge - San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico: http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/San_Gabriel_de_Yunque_Ouinge.html)

1599
N-"America": foundation of Spanish settlements under Juan de Oñate
in the region of today's "New Mexico" (Reinhard vol. II, p.54).

Foundation of San Gabriel de Yunque-Ouinge
<The following year [in 1599], the colonists founded the new capital at San Gabriel de Yunque-Ouinge. The site of San Gabriel, a National Historic Landmark, is located on the Río Grande in the northern region of present-day New Mexico. Settled in 1599, San Gabriel was the second European capital of New Mexico and seat of Governor Oñate, the first European governor of New Mexico. King Philip II of Spain chose Oñate to represent Spanish and Roman Catholic interests in the new colony.>
(San Gabriel de Yunque-Ouinge - San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico: http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/San_Gabriel_de_Yunque_Ouinge.html)

[So the "Christian" terrorism is without end in New Mexico and then the "Christian" terrorists are surprised when there are revolts against them...

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