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Norbert G. Pressburg: Good bye Mohammed - Muhammad never existed

8. "Golden Age" of Muhammad Fantasy Islam - transfigured glances into a nonexistent Fantasy past

presented by Michael Palomino (2015 / 2019 / translation 2019) - p.147-149

8. "Golden Age" of Muhammad Fantasy Islam - transfigured glances into a nonexistent Fantasy past

"Moses, Jesus, Muhamad - these criminals." The Muhammad Fantasy Islamic philosopher ar-Razi (865-925) "The source of unbelief is to have heard such ghastly names as Socrates, Hippocrates, Plato, and Aristotle." The Muhammad Fantasy Islamic philosopher al-Ghazali (1058-1111)

8a. The "Golden Age" is INVENTED - the reality around 600 to 800 in the desert

Reality around 600 to 800 in the desert - Islamic lie tradition: The "golden times" of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam - the time of the invented [[Fake Fantasy]] Muhammad and the invented first four [[Fake Fantasy]] caliphs - Research: The poor life in the Arabian desert - Raids against neighbors without end - Islamic lie tradition: [[Fake Fantasy]] Muhammad is robbing and murdering - Research: The conditions in the desert like in the European Bronze Age


[Islamic Lying Tradition: The "Golden Times" of Islam - The time of invented Fake Fantasy Muhammad and the invented first four Fake Fantasy caliphs]
Whether the former Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, whether Saddam Hussein, whether a preacher at the Friday worship service, whether a believing journalist in a newspaper office or Osama bin Laden in the Afghan mountains: Everyone refers to the "golden times" of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam.

What is meant by these "golden times"?

First of all, the "golden age" is understood as the lifetime of the [[Fake Fantasy]] prophet and the time of his immediate successor, the [[Fake Fantasy]] "lawful caliph".

"Golden", because at that time the revelations of the [[Fake Fantasy]] prophet, that is, the word of [[Fantasy]] God, should have been law. The [[Fake Fantasy]] prophet himself had watched over observance and himself served as a shining example - that is, simply the ideal condition for a devout [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim. The social circumstances were also ideal. This had continued even among the immediate [[Fake Fantasy]] successors of the [[Fake Fantasy]] Prophet, all of whom had come from his [[Fake Fantasy]] relatives.


As we know, there are no hard facts, the [[Fake Fantasy]] scriptures come exclusively from religious [[Fake Fantasy]] sources and are therefore to be regarded as a matter of [[Fantasy]] faith. So it is [[Fantasy]] faith that constructs ideal conditions [p.147].

[Research: The poor life in the Arabian desert - [[Fantasy]] raids against neighbors without end]

The pious [[Muhammad Fantasy]] narratives are said to have taken place in the Arabian Desert, more or less between Mecca and Medina. As we also know, this region has not played a role in the emergence of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam. Therefore, it seems not so important to think much about about the conditions in the former Arabian Desert ...

Nevertheless, the external circumstances in the Arabian desert of the 7th century must have been difficult. People moved on the verge of subsistence, often on the brink of starvation. Until the 19th century there were again and again warlike outbursts from the Arabian Sandy Desert into the Mesopotamian cultivated land and North Africa, dictated by pure distress [70].

[70] In Egypt, there are still villages of former, no longer returned Arab raiders from the 19th century, which are evaded by the established population and with whom no marriages take place.

One may assume that simple Bedouin raids were later reinterpretated to be [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic faith expeditions.

How could this society have looked like? [[It was]] a suffering but highly ideologized male society, which was dominated essentially by the law of the strongest.

[Islamic lie tradition: Muhammad makes his staff perform robs and murders]

[[Fake Fantasy]] Muhamad himself is the best example, according to the traditional reports: Once in power, he ordered [[Fantasy]] murders against [[Fantasy]] enemies and began dozens of [[Fantasy]] fights and [[Fantasy]] wars. (These are today celebrated by the "umma", the "community of believers", or at least presented as inevitable).

[Research: The conditions in the desert as in the European Bronze Age]
The events that were said to have been "golden" took place in the "Middle Ages" - but in what Middle Ages? The Byzantine [[Jesus Fantasy]] Empire was certainly the furthest in this period, similar to the Arab core countries. During the Middle Ages, Europe was not at all developed like these two regions. But in the Arabian Desert, despite the use of iron, Bronze Age conditions prevailed - if at all.

Believing people may postulate ideal conditions in the midst of miserable external circumstances. In fact, it is secondary how these conditions were. A problem arises only trying to transfer these conditions of a [p.148] past epoch to other regions and epochs; in our case there are conditions of a desert society similar like Bronze Age transferred to the 21st century of a globalized society. This is like the refusal to accept historical, social and technical developments, so simply the development of time. Exactly this is doing the rather modern [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic ideology of "salafiyya" does. This fixation on a past period since a long time in an extreme habitat, with actors of whom we just don't know anything, is like a block on the leg of the nowaday's [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims - at least of that part that wishes to return to these conditions [p.149].

========

8b. The Fake Fantasy "Islamic expansion" from Spain to China

8b. Islamic lie tradition: The "Islamic expansion" with the green flag from Spain to China -- The invented Muhammad Fantasy Muslims are said to be the winners shorthanded against their neighbors in 629-642 - all INVENTED -- The invented victory of fictional 10,000 Muslims against 150,000 Persians in 642 -- The fictional Muhammad Fantasy Muslims are said to have occupied North Africa to Spain - all INVENTED

[Islamic Lying Tradition: The "Islamic Expansion" with the Green Flag from Spain to China]
The "Golden Age" includes the huge conquests under the green flag of the Prophet. Within 10 years, the Muhammad Fantasy Islamic army from the desert is said to have conquered the Arabian Peninsula as well as Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Egypt, North Africa and Persia. Then followed the Caucasus, Spain, parts of France, Russia, India and China. Lots of wood in a short time.

[Invented Muslims are said to have outnumbered their neighbors 629-642 - all INVENTED]
It is said to have started when the troops of the [[Fake Fantasy]] Prophet invaded Palestine in 629. As early as 633, another [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim army from Mecca came to Syria. The [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims present the following summary:

<The army made slow progress until the [[Fake Fantasy]] caliph Abu Bakr summoned other troops who conquered Mesopotamia at the same time, saying: "Hurry, hurry, the conquest of a Syrian village is dearer to me than the conquest of all of Iraq." Thus strengthened, the army could beat the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Byzantines "south of Jerusalem.">

One does not know the alleged scene exactly, one does not know the year, but one knows the details, the general is a certain Khaled al-Walid, "the greatest general of all times."

Numbers: [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims 32,000, [[Jesus Fantasy]] Byzantines 90,000. To get in the mood, Walid sent a well-known champion in front of the front. He stood in front of the ranks of the Romans [[Greek soldiers abroad]] and shouted:

<I am the death of your ashen heads. I am the murderer of the Romans. I am the scourge that was sent to you, I am Zarrar, son of Azwar. As a Roman officer moved to accept the challenge, Zarrar tore off his armor and threw his shield away. The Romans recognized him. They were known to have killed dozens of veterans, including the generals of Tiberias and Amman. Immediately, a larger group moved towards Zarrar. When General Walid recognized this cowardly move, he immediately plunged into battle. It was truly an unfair fight, only ten Romans against the greatest swordsman of all time. they were not a challenge to Khaled, he killed them quickly and mercilessly." [71]

[71] From: islamreligion.com, 2009 [[The Religion of Islam]]

[[In the year]] 637, 638 or 639 it came to the [[Fake Fantasy]] "decisive battle of Kadesia" in Iraq. The [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic sources do not know the year exactly, but again the details: 100,000 [[Fake Fantasy]] Persians with war elephants were facing 30,000 [[Fake Fantasy]] Muslims. It was a tough struggle, but when a desert storm finally blew up against the Persians, this was their end [72].

[72] The most interesting thing about the alleged [[Fake Fantasy]] Battle of Kadesia is that in 1980, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein used this event to present it as a shining example of his war against Iran.

[[In the year]] 636 came to the "all-decisive [[Fake Fantasy]] battle" at the Yarmuk (Jordan): 200,000 [[Fake Fantasy]] Byzantines against 25,000 [[Fake Fantasy]] Muslims. It was won because the [[Fake Fantasy]] "Persians and Romans" were divided and a strong south wind whirled dust in their faces.

In 638, according to other [[Fake Fantasy]] Islamic sources 634, the [[Fake Fantasy]] Muslims conquered Jerusalem.

[[Fake Islam propaganda invents that in]] 639 they conquered the Persian province of Khuzistan, 640 Cairo and 642 Alexandria.

[The invented victory of fictional 10,000 Fake Fantasy Muslims against 150,000 Fake Fantasy Persians in 642]

Also 642 another "all-decisive" [[Fake Fantasy]] battle took place at Nehawend in Iran. 150,000 [[Fake Fantasy]] Persians faced fewer than 10,000 [[Fake Fantasy]] Muslims, the wind direction is not recorded this time. But the [[Fake Fantasy]] Muslims beat the [[Fake Fantasy]] Persians, who rushed horrified in all directions [73].

[73] In a forum post on the website politik.de from the year 2009 it says: "This can not be a coincidence, to be always inferior, but nevertheless to win successfully."

(original German: "Das kann kein Zufall sein, immer unterlegen zu sein, aber dennoch erfolgreich zu siegen.")

The victorious Islamic [[Fake Fantasy]] armies continued to advance in two [[Fake Fantasy]] march columns [p.150] to India and China. On the way, on the river Talas, the [[Fake Fantasy]] Chinese were dispatched, in "another decisive battle of world history" (this time "Wikipedia", 2009) and - one is astonished - by the "Abbasid caliphate". The astonishment is even greater when elsewhere in the same year Islamic [[Fake Fantasy]] historiography expelled a legendary [[Fake Fantasy]] Abu Muslim from the Omayads from this very area, suppressed a "Shiite revolt" and even quarreled with the caliph. [[Fake Fantasy]] Punitive expedition, [[Fake Fantasy]] internal religious war, [[Fake Fantasy]] destruction of the Chinese army: all in the same place at the same time.

[The fictional Muslims are said to have occupied North Africa to Spain - all INVENTED]

In parallel, an [[Fake Fantasy]] Islamic army was on the [[Fake Fantasy]] move to subjugate North Africa, Spain and southern France.

[[Fake Fantasy]] occupation of Russia to the Volga we don't comment [p.151].

========

8c. Invented sea battles against Jesus Fantasy Byzantium

8c. Invented sea battles against Jesus Fantasy Byzantium - Another fictional caliph: Umar ibn al-Chattab - Research 650-850: There were battles between the rulers of Jesus Fantasy Byzantium and Persia - Muhammad Fantasy Muslims are nowhere mentioned - Islamic lie tradition: poets between 800 and 922 invent 200 Years of early Muhammad Fantasy Islamic "history" - Islamic lie tradition: Islam should move in "extraterrestrial dimensions" - Research: The Arab Jesus Fantasy Christians have left a rich literature - Islamic lie tradition: Muhammad Fantasy Islam occupying all from Spain to China like an avalanche - in Jesus Fantasy Christian sources NOTHING of this can be found (!!!) - Research: Jesus Fantasy Christian faiths of the "Arabs": Christian-Arabic literature does not mention any Muhammad, any Quran or any Islam - and the tactics of interpretation "Taquiyya" - Research: The big, Muslim armies were IMPOSSIBLE - and the "miracles" in the Muhammad Fantasy Muslim war poetry - Research: The sources of Jesus Fantasy Byzantium and Persia neither mention any Muhammad, nor any Islam, nor any Quran

[Islamic lie tradition: naval battles against Jesus Fantasy Byzantium]

The [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims were in fulfillment of a [[Fake Fantasy]] prophecy of the [[Fake Fantasy]] Prophet under the [[Fantasy?]] caliph Umar ibn al-Chattab (vulgo: the drawn sword of [[a Fantasy]] God) also as a naval power and thus met in Islamic representation "the lifeblood of [[Jesus Fantasy]] Byzantium". In the [[Fake Fantasy]] Battle of Phoinix, also known as the [[Fake Fantasy]] "war of the masts", they won a glorious [[Fake Fantasy]] victory. After that, the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Byzantines would have acted very clumsily, because they were in too close formation and therefore gave the [[Fake Fantasy]] Muslims opportunity, jumping from boat to boat, to turn the [[Fake Fantasy]] naval battle into a [[Fake Fantasy]] land battle. Although the [[Fake Fantasy]] Muslim fleet consisted of [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christians, they had enthusiastically and willingly rendered their service to the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims. The [[Fake Fantasy]] fleet had then failed against [[Jesus Fantasy]] Byzantium with it's "Greek fire", however, the [[Jesus Fantasy]] emperor had become a tribute to the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims.

As a reminder of reality: just the opposite is the case. Muawiya / Maavia became tributary and discontinued because of the failure. His successor Malik also continued payments to [[Jesus Fantasy]] Byzantium, as we know. Incidentally, the author of this incident is Tabari, a well-known fairytale uncle, who wrote this about 900 [p.151], about 200 years after the alleged events [74].

[74] It looks like we have to say goodbye to our favorite fairytale uncle Tabari. The most recent analyzes have shown that the Tabari texts we have are from the 12th or 13th century from Cairo. Future research may reveal that "Tabari" was not a person, but the generic term for a collection of texts of various origins and authors.

[Another fictional caliph: Umar ibn al-Chattab]
It's almost superfluous to mention that there are no historical proofs for good [[Fake Fantasy]] Umar ibn al-Chattab, and as many of his colleagues never existed [75].

[75] Nevertheless, there is a dissertation on his almost superhuman achievements at the Faculty of Philosophy at Cologne (Germany): from Halte Uenal: The justification of the legal judgments of the second caliph 'Umar Ibn Al-Hattab'; Cologne 1982
(original German: Die Rechtfertigung der juristischen Urteile des zweiten Kalifen 'Umar Ibn Al-Hattab')

Not one of these numerous "decisive battles" of [[Fake Fantasy]] Muslims is historically proven.

[Research 650-850: There were battles between the rulers of Byzantium and Persia - Muhammad Fantasy Muslims are not mentioned anywhere]
Of course, change of power or change of privileges in territories cannot have been without fights. Many sources report about these times about numerous skirmishes - without precise indications of the affected. There are position fights between the former Persian and [[Jesus Fantasy]] Byzantine paarts, between emirs who became independent and old rulers. But there is no report about [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims.

After 627, after the final defeat of [[Persian ruler]] Khosrau II at Nineveh against [[Jesus Fantasy Byzantine]] Heraclius, there was no Persian power left to destroy the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims on their conquest to China, and Heraclius himself was at the height of his military might.

[Islamic lie tradition: poets between 800 and 922 invent 200 years of early Muhammad Fantasy Islam "history"]
The big problem here, as in all of Islamic prehistory, are the sources. They are invariably [[Fake Fantasy]] Islamic sources, and they are written in a later time without exception. All these well-known authors [[inventors]] [76],

[76] "Annales" of Tabari (died 922), the hadith collection of Buhari (died 870), the "History of the Wars" by Al Wakidi (died 822), "Generations" by Ibn Saad (d. 845)

which are cited again and again, were written in much later with all details and [[invented]] quotations - and all is written on the base of sources without any proof. These stories are about [[Fake Fantasy]] events ("decisive battles") or [[Fake Fantasy]] persons ("caliphs") that can not be proven. None of the dates are correct because they refer to [p.152] legends and because the retrospective reinterpretation into the lunar calendar is a frequently proven source of error. All what these authors [[poets!]] are offering of sources are the well-known "guarantors" in the tradition of a chain of oral narratives.

[Islamic lie tradition: Muhammad Fantasy Islam should move in "extra-historical dimensions"]
From the first two centuries, the time of [[Fake Fantasy]] Muhammad and the [[Fake Fantasy]] conquests, not even Islamic sources exist. Anyone who considers subsequent stories without proven sources as history agrees with Sayyid Qutb [77],

     [77] Islamic theorist, Egypt 1906-1966. More in the chapter "Who did this to us!"

who claimed that history does not take place for [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam because it moves in "extraterrestrial dimensions". How flexibly one deals with historical facts in the Islamic perspective, can prove the following quote:

"But even the actual historical events, the presentation of events and their explanation, will be different, depending on whether the historian [[poet!]] admits an immediate, divine action in his imagination or not." [78]

[78] Mohammed Laabdallaoui on: muhamad.islam.de, 2009 [[Muhammad - Islam.de - The Prophet's Website (original German: Die Internetseite des Propheten)]]

And:

"In the Muslim tradition, the direction has been taken that tries to solve this problem not by a dogmatic exclusion of all miracles, but by strict standards of credibility of the reporting."

In other words, miracles in historiography are allowed. Does the quoted gentleman speak of historians or "fairy tale tellers," the oriental storytellers? Of course, the thinking believers realize that the events are logically impossible. Therefore, there is no choice but to postulate the existence of miracles or, at the same time, to reclaim the inapplicability of historical processes for [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam. Perhaps one should retain the Western bad habit in restricting research and historiography to facts and verifiable facts [p.153].

[Research: Arab Jesus Fantasy Christians have left a rich literature]
At the same time, however, the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christians of the same time not only left a wealth of literature, but even developed a far-reaching missionary activity. Considering the passionate arguments between them, the topics that heated their minds and found a rich literary record. Topics that were highly academic and are absolutely secondary compared to the confrontation and threat in a different dimension by another religion.

[Islamic lie tradition: Muhammad Fantasy Islam has occupied the states like an avalanche from Spain to China - in Jesus Fantasy Christian sources NOTHING OF THIS CAN BE FOUND (!!!)]
As described in the traditional report, [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam has moved like a whirlwind through half of the world at the time. Why are the main sufferers, the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christians and the many members of other religions, saying nothing to them? Because they welcomed the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims as liberators? Because the liberators were as tolerant as tradition wants us to believe?

There are now attempts to prove these events with non-Islamic sources. Normally the following names are mentioned: Sophronius, Maximus the Confessor, Thomas the Presbyter, Sebeos of Armenia, John of Damascus, and a few others. When the texts can be assigned to the different authors for sure, a clear picture comes out [79].

[79] Karl-Heinz Ohlig: Indications for a new religion in [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christian literature, 'under [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic rule' ?; In: Early Islam; Berlin 2007

(original German: Karl-Heinz Ohlig: Hinweise auf eine neue Religion in der christlichen Literatur, 'unter islamischer Herrschaft'?; In: Der frühe Islam; Berlin 2007)

[Research: "Arab" population with Christian Jesus Fantasy beliefs: Christian-Arabic literature does not mention any Muhammad, any Quran or any Islam - and the tactics of interpretation "Taquiyya"]
Much is said about "Saracens, Ismailites, Hagarites", these words were common synonyms for "Arabs". These are perceived as "heretics", but in no case as members of another religion, and not at all with a [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam. This religious denomination does not exist in the described period. Heretics are deviants of their own religion - and precisely this were the Arab [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christians of the 7th to 9th centuries, and even later probably to a lesser extent. At the end of the 7th century, the Syrian Mr. Johannes bar Penkaye writes in his 15-volume book Ktaba d-res melle: "Among the Arabs, there are not a few [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christians, some of whom belong to the heretics, some belong to us." He does not talk about a [[Fantasy Fake]] Muhamad or [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam. Anastasius of the Sinai (610-701), Jacob of Edessa (633-708), or the Patriarch Isojahb III. (died 659) write about the problems of their time - here too no mention of the [[Fake Fantasy]] Prophet [p.154] and his religion. A conversation between the patriarch John and an Emir from the year 644 points in the same direction, this was short time after the takeover of power by Maavia [80].

[80] F. Nau: A conference of patriarch Jean with the Emir of Agareens; In: Journal Asiatique, 1915
(original French: Un colloque de Patriarche Jean avec l'émir des Agareens; In: Journal Asiatique, 1915)

What is being discussed? There are administrative questions and there are the differencies of the individual beliefs, so about [[Fake Fantasy]] Abraham, [[Fake Fantasy]] Moses and [[Fake Fantasy]] Mary - and of course about the [[Fake Fantasy]] nature of [[Fake Fantasy]] Jesus. The Emir could have been Ibn As or Ibn Saad. Considering [[the poets]] Nevo and Koren [81]

[81] [[see]: Yehuda D. Nevo / Judith Koren: Crossroads to Islam; New York 2003

"The Emir is certainly not a [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim. He shows no knowledge or followers, he never mentions [[any Fake Fantasy]] Muhammad, [[Fake Fantasy]] Koran or [[Fake Fantasy]] Islam."

For such cases, however, the Islamic invention is using the "Taqiyya" argument: "Taquiyya" is an in the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quran [82]

[82] [[see]]: Amongst others, [[Fantasy]] Sura 3: 28-29

sanctioned religious manipulation to save oneself from an emergency or to take advantage of the alleged friendship with an unbeliever. That means, the emir had only simulated to be a [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim for tactical reasons.

The very sober analysis of numbers alone should be sufficient [83].

[83] [[see]]: Waldmann's "Clausewitz argument" (original German: "Clausewitz-Argument")

[Research: The big Muhammad Fantasy Muslim armies were IMPOSSIBLE - and the "miracles" in the Muhammad Fantasy Muslim war poetry]
Where should the armies come from in a desert with only little population? Alone Egypt and Mesopotamia had millions of inhabitants, just having a stick in the hand had been enough as a defense. Tradition knows that, too, and provides the explanation with the story of the naked [[Fake Fantasy]] Muslim, armed only with a reed, who suddenly faced a heavily armed Persian horseman. The latter got afraid turning his horse hiding his arrows under his clothes so others would mean as he had none any more. Alone between 639 and 641 (contradictory information aside) there is said [[Islam Fantasy says!]] that there were conquered
-- Syria
-- Mesopotamia,
-- Persia,
-- Egypt.

And all this at the same time, and including several fortresses, and siege engines and a lot of time was needed for this.

There is no need to study Clausewitz for understanding that the whole conquest complex is a complete nonsens controlling this by calculating [p.155]. Therefore [[Fake Fantasy]] Islamic tradition presents officially these wonders trying to install all this as a legitimate instrument of historiography.

[Research: The sources of Byzantium and Persia mention neither a Fake Fantasy Mohammed, nor a Fake Fantasy Islam, nor a Fake Fantasy Quran]
And imagine, the obsessive religious [[Jesus Fantasy]] Byzantium is quickly reduced by half of it's empire by desert warriors in the name of a new [[Fake]] religion. The Persians lose their entire dominion. And they don't notice it? Both have a sophisticated, bureaucratic apparatus, both are busy loggers. And they do not report this? Millions of [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christians, pagans, [[Jesus Fantasy]] Zoroastrians, Buddhists from the Nile to the Indus and the Volga are unaware that they have been overwhelmed by a new [[Fake]] religion? [[Jesus Fantasy]] Monks, [[Jesus Fantasy]] priests, [[Jesus Fantasy]] bishops, highly intellectual theologians, well traveled personalities - they should not have been able to recognize a new [[Fake]] religion? Or have been too cowardly to act against it? Most of them would have happily died for their [[Jesus Fantasy]] faith! In these times of high religious awareness and rich literature, nothing should have been reported in a very short time by the massive and militant appearance of a new religion and its total victory?

That's a completely absurd imagination, all this. The only possible explanation is that the events depicted in the traditional account never took place. One can not consider the [[Fake Fantasy]]Islamic reports as historiography without doing anyone wrong. They are stories, fairy tales from the East. The ghostly thing is that they have essentially also shaped the history of the Western public. Is there even a new miracle to report?

The [[Fake Fantasy]] "golden years" of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic conquest - they never existed. But there have been the golden years of Arab self-determination, the split from the two mighty power blocs of the region that laid the foundation for an Arab empire and Arab consciousness. Only later was this specific Arab success story reinterpreted into an Islamic story.

========

8d. From 750: Arab-Jesus Fantasy Christian Abbasids with scientific blossoming - Arabic-Jesus Fantasy Christian or Arabic-humanist scholars

8d. Jesus Fantasy Arabic-Christian or Arabic-humanistic scholars -- The documents of the private tutor al-Kindi -- documents of the private teacher al-Kindi: Earth physics and Indian numbers (Arabic numerals) -- documents of the private teacher al-Kindi: low tide and high tide, stars and trees -- The scholar Hunain ibn Ishak - crucial falsifications in translations -- Translations and forgeries of translator Hunain ibn Ishak: "Gods" become a Fantasy "God", Fantasy "angels", Fantasy "saints" - and new Arab creations -- Thabit ibn Kurra (born 834): Philosopher against the new fashion of a Fantasy God -- Religious diversity is standard -- Ibn Kurra becomes government consultant and astronomer -- Doctor Muhamad ibn Zakarija ar-Razi (born 865 in Rajj / Tehran) - translations - religion is troublemaking -- Ar-Razi with medicine - the great translation "Liber Continens" of 1486 in Brescia -- Ar-Razi with philosophy: atomic matter, Fantasy God, Fantasy world soul, space, time - Fantasy prophets Moses, Jesus and Muhammad are rejected as troublemakers -- Al-Farabi: philosopher in Aleppo - religion is an invention - the ideal state, etc. -- Ibn al-Haitham: dam project on the Nile fails - translations - physics - optics and astronomy with experiments - book burning by Muhammad Fantasy Muslims -- Abu Ali ibn Sina - scientist in Bukhara - persecuted by the Turkic tribe of the Qara Khanides - minister with military treatise - new works written in prison -- Avicenna: death by parsley seeds and opium 1037 - life of a medical doctor -- Al-Biruni of Kath near the Aral Lake - life of an astronomer and philosopher -- Ibn Rushd - persecuted philosopher in Seville and Córdoba through the introduction of the Muhammad judiciary

Most of the Arab scholars were also medical doctors, either in the main or secondary occupation [p.163].

By 750, the power of the Marwanids had come to an end. Their successors, the "Abbasids," built their residences further to the east, primarily in Baghdad and Samarra [[north of Baghdad]]. Under the reign of some of their rulers, sciences had a heyday. Here was the base for the widely spread opinion that the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic Middle Ages were far superior to the European ones: these are the "golden times" of the [[invented Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic sciences.


The files of the tutor al-Kindi

Jakub ibn Ishak al-Kindi was born around 800 in the cultural city of Kufa in Mesopotamia [p.157]. Al-Kindi has left more than 200 books. He sometimes seems confused and unfinished, but the focus of his always the propagation of independent thinking. He called himself a "philosopher" which was a foreigh word at that time, and he always underlined the importance of the knowledge of the truth, not important from which source it comes. He marked the beginning of a serie of Arab philosophers. His thinking is totally opposed to the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quranic doctrine [p.158].

[Documents of private teacher al-Kindi: earth physics and Indian numbers (Arabic Numerals)]
It was the reign of the inquisitive and enlightened ruler al-Mamun in Baghdad. There is no indication about the educational path of al-Kindi [p.157], but he became the private teacher of a nephew of Mamun, who later became ruler Mutasim. Some of his instruction material has survived. For example the analysis why the Earth is a ball floating freely in the space. Another treatise prescribes calculating with "Indian figures". This is precisel y the number system that we call "Arabic numerals". Ic comes in fact from India and was transferred by Arab communication to Europe.

[Private tutor al-Kindi's files: low tide and high tide, stars and trees]
Al-Kindi tried to explain low tide and high tide with the heat of friction by the moon during his orbit. Another topic was the trial forming a logic bridge to Muhammad Fantasy Quran with quotations as for example stars and trees would worship [[a Fantasy]] God in a prostrate position. He claims with this the principle of the absolute regularity - but one has to consider that he is adding to the stars a face and an ear - with facial and auditory sense. He wrote a work about "cause and effect" which was dedicated to Mamun. With this he installed a sharp contrast to one of the main sentences of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quran doctrine which is denying causality strictly but is postulation [[a Fantasy]] will of [[a Fantasy]] God.

His base of thinking comes from Aristotle and Ptolemy, combined with old oriental traditions, and it seems that he was specially near to Old Babylonian star worshipers. [p.158]

[Links:
-- al-Kindi - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]

The scholar Hunain ibn Ishak - crucial falsifications in translations

Hunain ibn Ishak was what today would be called a scientific publisher and editor. He died in 873 and inherited a significant heritage of antique authors to the world. He was one of the great Arab scientists, but not a [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim one. [...]

Hunain ibn Ishak (808-873) came from al-Hira in southern Mesopotamia. His father was a pharmacist, the son wanted to become a doctor and by this came to Baghdad. He attended the lectures of a certain Mr. Juhana ibn Masawahai which was also a Syrian [[Jesus Fantasy]] christian and a personal medical doctor of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] caliph. Teaching material were the normal Greek authors, especially the famous medical doctor Galen from Pergamon. By some reason (there are indications that he was too impertinent) Hunain was kicked out from the lectures by his teacher and then a migration followed [p.158] visiting different towns, probably also [[Jesus Fantasy]] Byzantium. After six years he came back to Baghdad beginning with translations of scientific standard works from Antique into Arab or into other languages ordered by clients. He masterfully mastered ancient and all common regional languages. Due to his medical education, he had the best conditions for subject-specific translations, but his spectrum encompassed the entire sciences of that time. One time, he sent one of his works in an anonymous way to his former teacher Ibn Masawahai.

"The one who produced it must have been supported by the [[Fantasy]] Holy Spirit!", he is said to have proclaimed deeply impressed.

[Translations and forgeries of translator Hunain ibn Ishak: "Gods" become "God", "angels", "saints" - and new Arab creations]
Hunain became a very busy man so hewas instructing his son and his nephew as translators for standard texts. He himself was working with the scientific main work. This work began with the finding of old manuscripts. There were numerous incomplete works to have, fragments in different languages, or from different copyists. When Hunain had gathered certain material, he went on comparing it. He knew very well of course that manuscripts contained mistakes: in writing, in translation, there were forgeries. On the base of his comparisons he then made the best possible translation. He made his own register of translations, his catalogue (which was found only in 1918). He had the specific habit to translate and rename the "ancient gods" [[extraterrestrials]] in the texts as "One [[Fantasy]] God", [[Fantasy]] "angel" or [[Fantasy]] "saints".


Unlike others, he did not content himself with the Greek terminology, but created Arabic words for it. And he ordered extra-heavy paper in Sarkand where Chinese paper production tecnique was known. His works were rated with silver in the meantime. [...]

[Links:
--Hunain ibn Ishak - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]

Thabit ibn Kurra (born 834): a philosopher against the neo-modern Fantasy God

[Religious diversity is standard]

"Who installed the ports and channels, who revealed the secret sciences? To whom the deity has revealed, to whom [p.159] the oracle was given and future topics were taught when not to the wise among the non-believers? They studied everything, they explained the healing of the souls and they presented their salvation, they also searched the healing of the body, and they fulfilled the world with wisdom, with the most important virtue."

The person wrigint this was a non-believer: the Sabian [85]

[85] Saban: Follower of a Babylonian-Chaldean star cult

Thabit ibn Kurra, born in 834 in Harran in today's eastern Turkey. And he was a convinced non-believer (pagan). When he was discussing with followers of the newly upcoming religion an then they put the all mighty of [[a Fantasy]] God in the center, he countered with the question:

"Can your [[Fantasy]] God also effect that five times five is not twenty-five?"

For him, the new fashion of [[only one Fantasy]] God could only have the power over the creatures in the best case, but not over the creation itself. He himself was a creature. Their belief had the old Babylonic star cult as it's root, modified with the influence of Greek antique manner of thinking. All prophets worshipped the Sabians, wise men knowing about the past, with them also Greek philosophers [86].

[86] One can see, in the 9th century yet there was a variety of religions existing in the empire of the so called Caliphs. [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam was not at all the established, dominating religion yet.

A traditional motto was: "Plato said: whoever is recognizing himself becomes divine." [87]

[87] This was the inscription at the door knocker of a Sabian house in Harran (after al-Masudi).

[Ibn Kurra becomes a government assist (consultant) and an astronomer]
Passing the town of Harran, a high-ranking personality became aware of the educated Sabian taking him to Baghdad. This high-ranking personality was more a dilettant in science. Thabit now was writing tractates in his name and became something like a free staff member for astronomic questions in Hunain's cultural business. Later he was accepted in the circle of court astronomers and he became a confidant and close friend of the ruler al-Mutatid.

Without exception all important scientists and philosophers were staff members at court at least for some time. A carreer was not possible in another way at that time. Thabit was perfectly mastering the Greek language, he was occupies with philosophy, mathematics, and medicine. Among [p.160] others, he left us a book on the questions of the medical doctor to the ill patients. He meant that behind the name of "Hippocrates" in fact four authors had to be. But as a Sabian, his focus was astronomy. Among others, he was fascinated by the little differences of lenght of the years. Coming from the Ptolemaic system, he assumed a slight movement of the fixed star sphere, the so called trepidation which also found its way yet with Copernicus. Thabit is mentioned as Thebit in the "Parzival" of Wolfram von Eschenbach. He died in 901.

[Links:
-- Thabit ibn Kurra - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]

Ar-Razi: medical doctor Muhamad ibn Zakarija ar-Razi (born 865 in Rajj / Tehran) - translations - religion is troublemaking

[Ar-Razi with medicine - the great translation "Liber Continens" of 1486 in Brescia]
There is another medical capacity to report, beginning as a musician as a lute player: Muhamad ibn Zakarija ar-Razi, born in 865 in Rajj, today's Tehran. We don't know much about his biography, but we know that he was a hospital manager in Bagdad and in Rajj, and he was a good friend of the local Emir al-Mansur ibn Ishak. But his professional heritage is great, ar-Razi was the greatest clinician in the Arab world, and he was well known in Europe under the name "Rhazes".

He dedicated a medical encyclopedia to his patron Mansur. The Latin translation of Chapter 9, which is very popular in Europe, was called "Liber Nonus Almansurus" [English: "The ninth book of al-Mansur"]. It contained a remedy guide, assigned to the individual diseases from head to toe, and was even available in some European popular languages.

Another treatise - which was very famous in Europe - concerned measles and smallpox, which was printed even in England in the 18th century [88].

[88] Ar-Razi: About smallpox and measles; German reprint and translation by K. Opitz; Leipzig 1911
(original German: Über die Pocken und Masern; Deutscher Nachdruck und Übersetzung von K. Opitz; Leipzig 1911)

When he died in 925, he left to ar-Razi a huge amount of Greek excerpts on clinical cases being completed with own observations and experience. This heritage was systematically rearranged by his scholars and was edited and printed in 1486 in Brescia with it's title "Liber Continens" [English: "Collected Edition"], all in all two huge volumes (tomes).

As every famous medical doctor of that time, Rhazes had also a big philosophic wisdom because philosophy was [p.161] in big parts the base for his medical theories. Greek philosophers and Hippocrates [89] and Galen [90] were very familiar to him.

     [89] Hippocrates of Kos, physician, circa 460-370 BC.
     [90] [Galen]: Roman physician, 129-216 AD; together with Hippocrates the most important physician of antiquity.

Rhazes proved a great deal of independent thinking, but he never brought any innovations without honoring respect to the great Galen:

"In fact, it has been painful for me to rebel against the one who has overwhelmed me most with all the benefits and was the most helpful in guiding me through whom I have followed, step by step. But medicine is a philosophy that cannot accept any stand still. " [91]

[91] In contrast, there was a medical doctor Avicenna (Persian physician and scholar) was mentioning Galen with bad comments at every opportunity.

While Galen believed that the soul was dependent on the constitution of the body, Rhazes said that the physical condition was determined by the soul. The practical consequence of this was that he [[Rhazes]] advised the medical doctors to always encourage the patient, even if they were not sure of their own cause.

[Ar-Razi with philosophy: atomic matter, [[a Fantasy]] God, world soul, space, time - [[a Fantasy]] prophet Moses, [[a Fantasy]] Jesus and [[a Fantasy]] Muhammad are rejected as troublemakers]
Also in philosophy, ar-Razi was going his own path. Following Democritus, he assumed that matter is of atomic matter (earth, fire, air, and water). Next to that, he put [[a Fantasy]] God, a [[Fantasy]] world soul, an absolute space, and an absolute time, he saw the Cosmos also in a multidimensional way. The [[Fantasy]] Creator of the [[fantasy]] Bible and of the [[Fantasy]] Quran were only added and were not really powerful. Prophets were  recognized by Rhazes as necessary mediators of the substance of [[the Fantasy]] God and of mankind, but he did not recognize "the three deceivers of Moses, Jesus and Muhammad" [92],

[92] This is a saying which provoked many discussions. May be this saying is not from ar-Raiz himself, but he was stating it and made it popular.

who had only spread discord. His [[Muhammad Fantasy]] "Imam" (he used this expression) is Socrates.

Does speak a [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim in that way how this ar-Razi is always taken for granted?

Rhazes died in 925, in his last years he was blind [p.162].

[Links:
-- ar-Razi - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.) ]

Al-Farabi: philosopher in Aleppo - religion is an invention - the ideal state etc.

Al-Farabi was "only" a scientist, mainly an interpreter of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers, to whom he added his own variation. He was separating consciously medicine from philosophy because it would be it's [the medicine's] purpose to provoke a change in fact in the body, but it [medicine] had nothing to do with finding the truth.

The word "Al-Farabi" just means "The one from Farab", that's a town of today's Kazakhstan where he was born in 870. Farabi may have been an Ethnic Kazakh. Reports state that he never considered clothes as important always walking around in a shabby Kazakh caftan. From his youth times little is known. Only this: he was on the way to the Persian Harran in young years already, and then heading for Baghdad where he was instructed by [[Jesus Fantasy]] teachers. Most of his time he spent here, during the last part of his life he went to Aleppo in Syria to the court of Emir Saif al-Daula. For a short time he went to Cairo and after coming back to Syria he died soon in 950. [[Muhammad Fantasy]] clergy demonstrativel rejected the partidipation at his funeral.

There were good reasons for this: because Farabi was teaching many things that could not please to the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] imams, whereas he was always eager for a balance between philosophy and religion. But his main work was a further development with his Aristotle. He presented the world as continuous unity: their origin was [[a Fantasy]] God, but not as a creator as it was considered in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quran and in the [[Moses+Jesus Fantasy]] Bible, but as a non personificated source of being. It [[this source of being]] is the source of movement flowing out, the so called emanation, of which the lower levels thank their existence. The lowest level of hierarchy is forming the matter into which man is entangled. Man can reach higher worlds only by thinking, by mystical absorption or by death. The noblest task of man is to become one a unity by conceiving the world and the universe with the universal intelect. But this luck is achievable only for some few - and for the rest, religion is made [93].

[93] Similarly, Ibn Ruschd formulated it with his "two truths".

Farabi considered religion as an artificial product, but as a necessity for the majority of people [p.163].

In this way of thinking, he designs an ideal state. Similarly to Plato, he demands a philosophical king, but with a prophet as assist, for giving orders to the state's population where only little sense of reason exists.

His philosophy is anti-religious, but he provides clergymen for everyday practice who should have influence to the uneducated mass.

Al-Farabi was not on stage like the others, but he preferred to spend his time in the garden by the pond.

[Links:
-- Al-Farabi - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]

Ibn al-Haitham: Dam project on Nile River fails - translations - physics - optics and astronomy with experiments - book burning by Muslims

965 was the year of birth of a certain Ibn al-Haitham, who should be known in Europe under the name "Alhazen". He came from Basra and first started a civil service career as a state's staff member. However, he gave it soon up devoting himself to scientific studies in Baghdad and Persia. Some day, the counter Caliph in Cairo became aware of him, and when Alhazen uttered the possibility of damming the Nile River getting a total year irrigation on the fields, he was called to Egypt for being the manager of the project. The group with it's equipment was going the Nile River upwards for this dam project. But soon came doubts comparing the old Egyptian monuments along the river. When those people who had built these monuments could not have installed a dam, how should he success? In Assuan where is the dam of today, he found the suitable place, but he had to realize soon that this project was not possible. Without installing a dam he returned to Cairo and could be happy to survive instead of this failure.

Then, he was doing the typical work of scientists of his time: he was translating antique writings. He was working for years for a complete edition of Euclid, of the "Almagest" of Ptolemy, and of writings of other Greek authors. This made him financially independent by the time, so that he could work on his favorite topic: physics, and particularly optics [94].

[94] His major work was widely recognized in Europe in Latin under the title "Thesaurus Opticus" [p.164].

Most of antique and Arab physicists were pure theoreticians, but Alhazen was also proceeding experiments which was new at that time. He was producing the first lens of glass pouring the glass itself. This lense was interestingly used for experiments, but was never used for practical purposes, e.g. as a magnifying glass or as a telescope. In contradiction to Euclid he stated that light beams of an object reach the eye and not a visual beam from the eye was scanning the environment. Using a coincave mirror of metal he stated a certain math problem which is known until today as "Alhazen's problem" and which he could solve with much work, but Huygens found a more elegant solution in the mid-17th century for it. Also basic laws of perspective due to the straight spreading light have their base of Alhazen.

His work with light beams led him consecuently also to the field of astronomy. He considered the worlds of the stars just as physical units, just sober conceivable and calculatable. On the bases of the refraction [[angles of the light beams]], he was calculating the thickness of the atmopshere with a wrong result of 5 mles, because he assumed a sharp separation and not a gradual thinning of the air. The appreciation of a work can be expressed with Alexander von Humboldt, who called the Arabs the real founders of physics. Ibn al-Haitham alias Alhazen was their most important representative in this field, although only parts of his complete works have survived, because soon his writings were burned as directed against the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quran.

[Links:
-- Ibn al-Haitham - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]

Abu Ali ibn Sina - scientist in Bukhara - persecuted by the Turkic tribe of the Qara Khanides - minister with a military treatise - new writings in prison

Abu Ali ibn Sina became one of the most famous Arab personalities in Europe under the name "Avicenna". In the Orient he is still popular today; Iran, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan are vying for the honor to define him as one of their own.

There are still many puzzles in Avicenna's biography. The first is the year of his birth. It is known that Avicenna died in 1037. About his age, there are four different information, and it is not even sure whether there is talk of lunar or solar years - so there are eight birth dates one can choose. According to Lüling the age of 58 is the most probable, that means, Avicenna was born in 979. His family came from Buddhist stronghold Balch [p.165].

that's eight data to choose from. The most likely age to Lüling age is 58 years, that is, Avicenna was born in 979. His family came from the Buddhist stronghold Balch [p.165]

[95] This is Bactria of the Hellenistic period. Balch included parts of today's Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The province was in the lifetime of Avicenna the Buddhist stronghold in the east of the Persian Empire. In Bamiyan, in 2001, the Taliban government blew up two monumental Buddha statues from that time.

in present-day Afghanistan, but he moved to the Samnite Kharmitan residence near Bukhara (Uzbekistan), where Avicenna was born. His father was a senior official at the court of the Buddhist Samnids [96].

[96] The name derives from the original residence Saman / Suman. From there the mane "Sumaniyya" comes from, the name for Buddhism at that time.

The origin of a well-off family home ensured the best education at that time. Basic education were "Ice luger" of Porphyrios and other classical writings, and of course he studied maths, geometry, physics, and medicine. The latter one, he did not call a difficult science. He was a tremendously hardworking worker studying also complete nights through, according to his own indications.

At 22, it was over with peace. The newly Islamized [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Turkic tribe of the Qara Khanides destroyed the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Samnid Empire and deported the surviving members of the Avicenna dynasty ("the need requiered me to move away") and he fled to Urgench, the capital of the province of Khorezmien.

Meanwhile, the Samanid prince al-Muntasir tried to regain control in a five-year struggle, but failed. And Avicenna was his follower. The doors that had previously been open to him closed again for political reasons.

"Then the need requiered me to move away": Avicenna left with his longtime teacher and companion Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the highly renowned scholar and former physician of the Samnid Urgentsch, and his lifelong walk from residence to residence continued.

"Then the need requiered me to move away". The formula became the common thread in Avicenna's life. He was a lifetime political refugee coming from a Buddhist world that came under [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic pressure.

From Urgench Avicenna moved via Nisa, Abiward and other stations to Gurgan on the border of the Caspian Sea, his teacher and companion did not survive the hardships [p.166]. On the way, Avicenna occasionally ordained under a false name, his hope for a job with Sheikh Kabus of Gurgan did not fulfill. So he moved to Persian Hamadan to the court of Shams-ad-Dawla, from which he received a ministerial post. One day a military revolt against him brought him into serious trouble. Reason was his probably not very popular ministerial treatise "About the food and the pay of the army, the military slaves and soldiers and about the land tax of the territories". He survived also this with hardship, but a little time later he passed four months in prison because rumors stated that he had an agreement with the hostile Emir of Isfahan. He used this period in prison to write various writings. After more long and detailes entanglements, he finally fled to Isfahan being disguized as a [[Jesus Fantasy]] monch. What the real political background was, we can only speculate about it.


Avicenna: Death by parsley seeds and opium 1037 - life of a medic

Avicenna belonged towards the end of his life to the closest confidant of the Emir of Isfahan and accompanied him in this capacity and as a doctor on its military campaigns. On one such, in 1037, he died [p.167] at the age of 58. The circumstances of his death are narrated: In order to prepare for the flight he had expected to flee, he instructed an attending physician to mix a fortifying medicine. It mistakenly contained an overdose of parsley seeds and opium.

Avicenna led a very intense life. During the day he was busy with his various bread occupations, followed in the evening lectures and transcripts. But that was not the end of the day, as his pupil and collaborator al-Guzgani [97]

[97] The first half of his autobiography probably comes from Avicenna himself, the second half of his pupil and companion al-Guzgani.

reports:

"When we were done with it, singers of all sorts appeared, a wine-making estate with all that belonged to it was prepared, and we dealt with it."

And:

"With the Master all powers were strongly developed, and under the forces of the desiring soul part, there was the sexual one the strongest and most dominated one."
(German: "Beim Meister waren alle Kräfte stark entwickelt, wobei unter den Kräften des begehrenden Seelenteils die sexuelle am stärksten und übermächtigsten war." )

Avecinna lived as it was known in all the country a dissolute festivity life.

Avicenna saw his vocation probably in politics, his bread professions were doctor, judge and scholar, in the latter role he created his philosophical work. His life was marked by the collapse of the Samnid Empire, which coincided with the collapse of the "Eastern Iranian Renaissance" as a whole. Avicenna's roots are undoubtedly Buddhist. He himself does not tell us anything directly and carefully avoids to represent any of the political parties. He never attracted attention by religiosity of any kind, and he was known for his not-islamic life. It can be admitted that he was also performing vivisections with dead bodies - which are forbidden in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam. [[Jesus Fantasy]] Orthodox Church was always angry with him because he also rejected to recognise the necesity that a [[Fantasy]] prophet will come to instruct the world about [[Fantasy]] Revelation [98].

[98] There is a nice tradition from the 15th century, according to which the [[Fantasy]] prophet Mohammed complains to al-Magribi that Ibn Sina had come in contact with [[Fantasy]] God without his mediation.

(This is exactly a key phrase of "Sumaniyya", from Buddhism).

Avicenna left an extensive philosophical and medical writing material, although the rating of his philosophical work may seem exaggerated. "The Book of [p.168] Healing" or the "Canon", a systematic presentation of medicine, was among the standard works that made him famous in medieval Europe. With all this, he was "with a high nose", we would say arrogantly today, and he knew little consideration. Avicenna wrote about Rhazes wrote that he had better stay with the "investigation of skin diseases, urine and bowel movements". It can be considered certain that was revising works of his companion and teacher al-Masihi and then edited them as his ones.

Science notes a big jump from Hippocrates to Galen, but an even bigger one from Galen to Avicenna. He dominated for 500 years the medicine of the Orient and Europe, precisely until Paracelsus 1530 came out with a new era of medicine.

Avicenna was a great philosopher and the greatest physician of the Middle Ages. He was not a [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim either.

[Links:
-- Avicenna (Abu Ali ibn Sina) - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]

Al-Biruni from Kath near the Aral Sea (today: Aral Desert) - life of an astronomer and philosopher

Concerning non-medical sciences, today's research is inclined to give another Uzbek an even higher rank than Avicenna: al-Biruni. In Europe, he remained relatively unknown, perhaps because there was no biography of him for a long time. He was a countryman and contemporary of the slightly younger Avicenna. The two have also met, but friends - which was obviously not easy to be with Avicenna - they never were. Biruni was born in 976 in Kath in the south of Aral Sea [[which is a desert now - 2019]] and he came from  poor circumstances. He owed his rise to the local princely family, who integrated him and provided the best possible education. At the age of 16, he proceeded a determination of the geographical location of his hometown and also built quite early a hemispherical globe of the northern hemisphere [99].

[99] The next earth model was made by the a man from Nuremberg, Mr. Martin Behaim in 1492.

[The world's oldest known globe map is from Piri Reis and comes from a photo of extraterrestrials, see e.g. the movie of Däniken Remembering the Future - link (German) with many photos].

For political reasons Biruni had to leave his hometown in 995, one may assume that the reasons were the same as for the flight of Avicenna. Without his equipment, he moved to Rajj, today's Tehran. There he got to know an astronomer who was building an instrument for measuring the altitude of the sun. For the lunar eclipse which was calculated for 997 [p.169] Biruni arranged a meeting by letter with an astronomer in Baghdad to measure the event simultaneously and thus determine the distance angle between two viewpoints.

He then moved temporarily to Gurgan on the Caspian Sea, where he met Avicenna.

Biruni soon received a call to the court of Urgench. But the city was conquered by an enemy prince, who is said to have kidnapped Biruni to Ghazna in today's Afghanistan. In fact, it may be true that Biruni was part of a ransom payment. Ghazna was a Hindu stronghold and Prince Masud was very interested in science [100].

[100] Presumably, Masud was a Hindu, and this is almost certain considering [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic historiography defaming him as a "drunkard".

[This is just a normal criminal defamation tactic of criminal 1 God religions, not important if it comes from Moses Fantasy Jewry, or from Jesus Fantasy Christianity, or from Muhammad Fantasy Islam].

Al-Biruni had found a new patron. He gave him the "Masonic Canon", the largest astronomical encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. He had to accompany his ruler on the numerous military campaigns that brought him to India. Out of this resulted his unique book, a cultural history of India: "A Critical Study of What India Says, Whether Accepted by Reason or Refused". For understand Indian mathematics and astronomy, he learned Sanskrit and reported in general very sensitively about the Indian culture. This was easy for him because - like Avicenna - he came from a Buddhist environment. Biruni was the only one of his fortune who was able, at least in part, to blow up the powerful Aristotelian system. He was an astronomer, physicist, geographer and philosopher - but he was, as an exception, not a medical doctor. He died in 1048 while discussing a legal problem. He was not [[a Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim either.

[Links:
-- Al-Biruni - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]

Ibn Rushd - philosopher in Seville and Córdoba - persecuted by the introduction of the Mohammed Fantasy judiciary

Now we move from the extreme eastern end of the Arab empires to the extreme west, "al Gharb" [101]:

    [101] Al Gharb: this means "The West"; from this word derives the name Algarve.

to Andalusia. In 1126, ibn Rushd was born in Córdoba who became famous at the European universities being called "Averroes" [[the Latin version of his name ibn Rushd]]. In the Arab world he remained unnoticed, only by his fame in Europe he was known there in the [S.170] modern times. He received the then best education we already know: philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, medicine and as a member of the judges (judiciary), he was also a lawyer.

In 1148, the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Berber dynasty of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Almohads conquered Córdoba under the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] caliph Abu Jakub Yussef. In 1153 Ibn Ruschd was ordered to Marrakech to the residence of the ruler, a meeting he was looking forward to with great anxiety. At court, he was introduced by a certain Ibn Tufail, who is also no stranger in Europe: He had written the philosophical novel "The Naturals", in which the actors are lost on a desert island in the ocean and through observations and logical conclusions they realize the connections of the world [102].

[102] Ibn Tufail: Hajj ibn Jaqzan: The Natureman (German: Der Naturmensch); Cologne 1983

As a result, Ibn Rushd appeared as "Qadi" in Seville and Córdoba, but his main work was always his philosophical work. He was especially active in opposing the teachings of al-Ghazali because, in his opinion, they were destroying [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam. In 1195, he was struck by the fate: [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Imams had incited the people against him, who rated him a bad man since a long time, and they forced the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] ruler to a formal trial against him. The [[Muhammad Fantasy]] tribunal denied the righteous behavior of Ibn Ruschd, his books were demonstratively burned and the philosophy was banned altogether by [[a Muhammad Fantasy]] edict. He himself was banished from Córdoba and was forbidden to teach. Three years later he was dead.

It is not by chance that there is almost nothing in Arabic by Ibn Rushd: the tradition was in Hebrew translation, and at times Averroes himself wrote in Arabic with Hebrew letters. This was a kind of insider language that shows in what intolerant environment he lived.

His legal approach already belonged to a past epoch. While the Qadi Ibn Rushd was searching for general legal principles, the courts in Spain were judging already according to model cases from the life of the [[Fake Fantasy]] prophet. All [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam countries became more and more Islamic orthodox and all jurisprudence, philosophy and the sciences came to an end.

North of the Mediterranean, on the other hand, his statements were heatedly discussed [p.171]. Thomas Aquinas was working a considerate part of his life to disprove Averroes who had stated that there is no free will, but all action came by a subordinate necessity: he had stated that the intellect of all humans would be just one unique and common will, that there never had been a first human, and that the soul could not suffer in the hell fire because it would die with the body.

On the one hand Averroes was celebrated, on the other hand also ridiculed, for example because of his belief in authority. On the one hand, he defended the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quran because, in his opinion, it [[the Quran]] ordered rational research, and on the other hand, he called for its reinterpretation when statements contradicted scientific findings. However, this would be reserved for educated persons only. The masses, who could not follow logical reasoning, would be forced to remain with the allegoric comparisons of the Revelation - only the philosophers could penetrate to the core. This is the system of "double truths" of Ibn Rushd. He considered himself as a [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim. His contemporaries, however, considered this very differently, and this was his bad luck.

[Links:
-- Averroes (Ibn-Ruschd) - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)
-- Ibn Tufail - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)
-- Al-Gazali - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)
-- Thomas Aquinas - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.) ]

========

8e. Al-Ghazali destroys the science: he prohibits independent philosophy, subordinates everything to the Muhammad Fantasy Quran and defines "heretics" - translator Chaldun

8e. Al-Ghazali destroys the science: He forbids independent philosophy, subordinates everything to the Muhammad Fantasy Quran and defines "heretics" - translator Chaldun - works of Avicenna are edited under Ghazali's name - "Main work" of al-Ghazali: The "defense" of the Muhammad Fantasy Quran word by word - and all other opinions are considered as "deadly heresy" - Al-Ghazali and his defamation of women: legal discrimination by men is called "inferiority" - Al-Ghazali installs radical Muhammad Fantasy Islam

Summary: The Arab Jesus Fantasy Christians were the enlightened researchers - and a Muslim Al-Ghazali installed radical Muhammad Fantasy Islam - today's Muhammad Fantasy Islam claims that Arab Jesus Fantasy Christians were Muhammad Fantasy Muslims - Omar Chayyam - a poet who was also not a Muslim - Khomeini Gorbachev recommended the reading of Al-Farabi and Avicenna (!) - The Arab-Christian scientists and their performance - book burnings under the Vatican-Christian terror (Jesus Fantasy!) and under the Islam terror (Muhammad Fantasy!) - Greek cultural influences survived in Central Asia - The Muhammad Fantasy Islam destroyed Arab-Christian science - Historian Ibn Chaldun 1377: translations and rise of Jesus Fantasy Italy with the Renaissance

With Ibn Rushd, the time of the independent thinkers of Arab intellectual history is over. Therefore, there is only the person to present that is performing this end with his year figures: it's al-Ghazali, born around 1058 in Tuz in eastern Iran, and he died in 1111 in the same country. His two main works are "Incoherence of Philosophers" and "The Revival of Religious Sciences." In [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic literature, Ghazali is celebrated as one of the great philosophers. IN reality, he had nothing to do with philosophy at all. Just the contrary was the case, his life's work was their abolition.

[Links:
-- al-Ghazali - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.) ]

This is also the content of the work "Incoherence". He describes there why philosophy has no right of existence. Ghazali is contradicting sharply Aristotle and all his Arab predecessors denying any principle of causality, so the principle of cause and effect. Therefore also logic would not exist and no natural laws, all would happen by a special act of will by [[a Fantasy]] God. Ghazali is presenting as an example that it would be an error to believe that one would cause to burn a piece of cotton [p.172] putting fire under it. In reality [[the Fantasy]] God had given the order to the cotton to burn. And he presents more analogue cases like leaves falling from the tree in autumn by the order of [[a Fantasy]] God to every single leave. Friedrich Dieterici, a Prussian scholar in orientalistic languages and philosophy was commenting this in 1903 in this way: "That would be as if every letter with the stamp of the Imperial Reich Mail Service had to be personally delivered by His Majesty." [103]

[103] Friedrich Dieterici: About the Context of Greek and Arabic Philosophy; Munich 2004

[Remark: Jesus Fantasy Crusaders since 1096 provoke extremist Muhammad Fantasy Islamists since 1096
With Jesus Fantasy Crusaders in the Middle East radicalization of the Muhammad Fantasy Islamists was provoked eliminating any tolerance. The same can be observed since criminal Zionism was installed since 1896 by Herzl: Strict Moses Fantasy Zionists provoke strict Muhammad Fantasy Islamists. The stupid game of Freemason's Satanic Fantasy books is going on...]

Ghazali claimed that there are no laws of nature, but only the will of [[a Fantasy]] God, and therefore Ghazali postulates the existence of miracles that may contradict any logic. Accordingly, he denied that humans have a free will, every single step of humans would be steered by [[a Fantasy]] God. The problem that humans would commit also sins and crimes without free will and would be innocent was solved with the mental trick that sins were simply excepted with the indication of the all mighty of [[a Fantasy]] God and with the indication that logic does not exist. Philosophy and natural sciences could not render anything for truth. Therefore they would be not only superfluous, but even harmful because humans would be derived from religion. Thus he claimed death penalty for persons who were representing philosophic content. In his writing "The Savior of Error" he formulated 20 points for judging philosophers and heretics. And he mentioned Avicenna and al-Farabi as proven heretics.

That al-Ghazali is still regarded as a great scholar today in the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic world is one thing [104].

[104] Haim Zafrani: "The teachings of al-Ghazali had immense repercussions and exerted considerable influence on the history of thought, in both East and West, among the elites of Europe"; In: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001144/114426eo.pdf
[The Routes of al-Andalus. Spiritual convergence and intercultural dialogue - UNESCO: Intercultural Projects Division; Paris; and: El Legado Andalusi; Granada (Spain)]
The proof of the "significant influence" of al-Ghazali on the Western intellectual life was never given by Mr. Zafrani, but in the next chapter he delivers one more probe of his personal historiography.

[Works of Avicenna are edited under Ghazali's name]

But sometimes he is also mentioned as a philosopher in Europe, and this must be based on a misunderstanding: The Spanish [[Jesus Fantasy]] Dominican Nicolas Eymerich was was listing in his book "Directorium Inquisitorium" [[Guide for Inquisition]] (around 1350) the "18 heresies and errors of [p.173] the philosopher Algazel". He derived these from a Latin translation of an Arab writing with the title "Maqasid al-falasifa" ("The Intentions of the Philosophers") under the name of al-Ghazali. But this writing is in fact an Arab translation of Avicenna's "Book of Wisdom" in Persian. It was translated, Ghazali's name was added, and his introduction was added where Ghazali was indicated, but in reality Avicenna was in it. How this mistake could be committed is not clear, but it rendered a totally undeserved honor to Ghazali.

[Main work of al-Ghazali: The "defense" of the literal Muhammad Fantasy Quran - and all other opinions are rated as "death worthy heresy"]

The rating of al-Ghazali as a scientist is therefore catastrophic, with the exception of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic authors. [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic world considers as his main work his second book "The Revival of Religious Sciences". It contains nothing more than the defense of the literal [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quran. Only what is in the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Koran is accepted as science. When for example Avicenna's interpretation of the Flood legend described the drowning of ignorance and the victory of wisdom, Ghazali stated that Noah's Ark on the Floods had to be considered word for word. All other interpretation would be death worthy heresy. When [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quran was considered by al-Kindi and Ibn Rushd only as acceptable for the unknowing and not educated masses, Ghazali defined it as an iron law and as the only possible source of all wisdom.

[Al-Ghazali and his propaganda against women: legal discrimination by men is called "inferiority"]

How he was connected to the ultra-Orthodox [[Muhammad Fantasy]] circles can be seen in his book "Counselor for Kings" (Nasihat al Muluk). In it, he lists 18 points that, in reference to [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Sura 4:34, prove the inferiority of women:
1. Menstruation
2. The pregnancy
3. The birth
4. The separation from her parents by marriage
5. The inability to control oneself
6. The lower inheritance
7. The possibility of being rejected without divorcing herself
8. The right of men to four women who can have only one man [p.174]
9. Being locked in the house
10. The commandment to cover the head
11. Her voice in court, which counts only half as much as that of a man
12. The commandment not to leave the house alone
13. The prohibition to attend Friday prayers [[Muhammad Fantasy prayers]]
14. The exclusion from government and judicial offices
15. The fact that out of 1,000 meritorious deeds, 999 were performed by men and only one by women
16. A general penalty on the day of resurrection instead of individual accountability
17. The waiting period of four months and ten days after the death of her husband to remarry
18. The waiting period of three menstrual cycles after divorce to remarry.

[Al-Ghazali installs radical Islam]

This is al-Ghazali, as he really lives: The mingling of cause and effect, of natural law and human law does not seem to bother him, because he has already broken in his "nothingness of philosophy" with logic and causality. Calling him a philosopher or scientist would be the grossest insult to all his Arab predecessors from al-Kindi to Ibn Rushd. He was also not the "innovator of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam" as he is celebrated in the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic world. He was rather a representative of the then most radical movement, which established itself in the further course as [[Muhammad Fantasy]] "Islam". With al-Ghazali comes what Dan Diner calls the "sealed time" [105]

     [105] Dan Diner: The Sealed Time; Berlin 2007

the mental standstill of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic world from the 12th century to the present day.


Summary: The Arab Jesus Fantasy Christians were the enlightened researchers - and a Muhammad Fantasy Muslim Al-Ghazali installed radical Muhammad Fantasy Islam

While al-Ghazali was a [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim çin the sense of the present understanding of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] "Islam", this is not the case with all the other who were mentioned. Hunain was a [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christian and Thabit was a non-believer. Avicenna and Biruni had a Buddhist background, from Farabi it can be presumed. With al-Kindi, Alhazen [p.175] and Rhazes (the one with the "three criminals") we have the typical freethinkers who were in complete contrast to the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quran.

All mentioned could still afford their independence despite hostility, even though Biruni and Avicenna had to be careful, for Ibn Rushd it was already too late. Since the beginning of his teaching he has been under the persecution of the orthodox [[Muhammad Fantasy]] imams, whom he finally succumbed to.

[Muhammad Fantasy Islam today claims that Arab Jesus Fantasy Christians were Muhammad Fantasy Muslims]

Despite certain differences, the premises of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers were common to all of them. With their commitment to logic, causality, and scholarship, they have all been in a blatant opposition to the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quran, although in some arrogance some of them only accorded this right to themselves and a few hand-picked ones. But with what justification can you call them [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims? Not one of the principal characters imagined was, with the possible exception of Ibn Rushd, whose understanding of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam was diametrically opposed to that of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] mosque.

[Omar Chayyam - a poet who was not a Muhammad Fantasy Muslim either]

Let's mention in this context the poet Omar Chayyam (1048-1123) from Mishapur, East Persia. He was a follower of Avicenna and during his life time, he was known as philosopher and mathematician. He wrote also four-line poems (Rubaiyat) which were completely unknown, but later he became famous with them in the West  [106].

[106] In about 1850, an English translation was made by Edward Fitzgerald, and since 1880 there are several German editions.

This fame shone back to his Persian homeland, where he was stylized as an Islamic poet, including a memorial in Laleh Park in Tehran (Biruni also stands there). The pronounced blasphemy in many of his verses does not seem to bother, but suggests that even Chayyam was not a [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim.

[Muhammad Fantasy Khomeini advised Gorbachev to read Al-Farabi and Avicenna (!)]

A letter of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Khomeini to Gorbachev from January 1989 shows the deep ignorance of [[Muhammad Fantasy]]Muslim world concerning their many famous thinkers of the past. In this letter, Khomeini calls [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam the soltion of actual problems, and he suggested Gorbechev the works of al-Farabi [p.176] and of Avicenna - which should replace the thinkers of the West [107].

[107] "If Your Excellency wanted to lead the research on such subjects, you should encourage students to consult the writings of al-Farabi and Avicenna rather than the books of the Western philosophers."

Obviously, [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Khomeini did not know that his parade philosophers were not [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims at all, and consequently condemned as a heretic by the parade [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim al-Ghazali, and their writings were burned by [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims. Or should he have recommended the two as a sort of diplomatic gesture, because both were old citizens of the then existing [[Communist Gulag]] Soviet Union? [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Khomeini probably did not know either one or the other and was disappointed because Gorbachev did not answer.

[The Arab-Christian scientists and their performance - book burnings under the Jesus Fantasy Vatican Christian Terror and under the Muhammad Fantasy Islam Terror]

The mentioned personalities had done great things for their time. Alhazen has promoted the optics, Avicenna the medicine, others have further developed their Aristotle, but the vast majority, there were only the most prominent outlined, have remained on the state of antiquity.

Without diminishing their merit in any way, one must relativize it insofar as their main merit was not always the work itself, but the fact that they had translated the ancient authors. In the West, the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Church had initially eliminated with all eager any Greek and Latin writings of ancient philosophers. But not long after their death and partly even during their lifetime, the writings of the Arab scientists experienced the same fate: they were handed over as un-Islamic [[not being acceptable by Muhammad Fantasy]] to the fire. We own only a fraction of their works, those that arrived in Europe in time and thus escaped destruction.

[Greek-cultural influences survived in Central Asia]

The reason for the flourishing of spiritual life in medieval Arabia, and especially in Persia, can be seen in the continuation of the antique tradition. Since Alexander the Great, Greek-cultural influence has extended to Central Asia, down to the borders of China and India. There, ancient intellectual life was preserved longest and met a Buddhist culture. These were the conditions for the spiritual and cultural flowering. The centers were located in the oasis cities of Central Asia, on the territory of today's Turkmenistan, Tajikistan [p.177], Uzbekistan and Afghanistan - a completely incredible idea for us today. In the west of the empire, this eastern mixture struck the Byzantine spiritual world.

One could doubt the very existence of an "Arab" spiritual life considering only the ethnic origin of the individual personalities. The only common thing of them is Arab language, which was the connection language - as Latin was the connection [artificial language] in the [[Faked]] Roman Empire [[thus in the Greek Empire]].

The majority of rulers at that time were by no means the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim Caliphs and Emirs, where tradition tells us, but the real rulers were persons who lived in the sphere of influence of these cultures, and were therefore bound by the tradition of spiritual freedom and exchange of ideas. Of course they wore Arab titles. However, it is inadmissible to interpret them automatically as [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic.

[Muhammad Fantasy Islam destroyed Arab-Jesus Fantasy Christian science]

The "golden times" of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic sciences? There never were. But there was a golden age of the Arab sciences. This came to an abrupt end when [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam established itself as the dominant religion. It drove the knowledge from the Orient to the West, where it has remained to this day [p.178].

[Remark: Reaction against criminal and corrupt Jesus Fantasy Crusaders
First came the criminal Jesus Fantasy Crusaders, and then the Muhammad Fantasy Islam had to react with Islamism against the criminal and corrupt Jesus Fantasy Crusaders].

[Historian Ibn Chaldun 1377: Translations and rise of Italy with the Renaissance]

In 1377, the Arab historian Ibn Chaldun sat on a mountain fortress in the North African desert and argued about the spiritual decline in the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic Empires and their causes [p.156]. It was the same time when the towns of Upper Italy had an economic boom and were installing a tremendous upsurge also concerning arts and sciences - this what is called Renaissance today.

"We hear that the philosophical sciences are now very much cultivated in the land of Rome and along the subsequent northern coasts in the land of European [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christians.The existing systematic representations are said to be comprehensive, and expert people are said to be numerous, and many students." [84]

[84] Ibn Khaldun: The Muqaddimah; New York 1958

[Remark: Italy with war profits from the Jesus Fantasy Crusader wars - empoverished Europe - and expulsion of Moses Fantasy Jews
Italian ships were performing any transports between Europe, Middle East and Black Sea region and made billions with transportation of Jesus Fantasy Crusaders and goods, and also selling weapons to BOTH sides. THAT's why Italy became rich and a cultural impulse for all Europe, and other countries in Europe became poor because they spent much money for crazy Jesus Fantasy Crusader wars for a Fantasy God. This Fantasy God brought with the same Italian ships the plague to Europe, so in rich Italy less persons died because of the plague than in other parts of Europe. The expulsion of the Jews by criminal Jesus Fantasy Church was an easy game then: 1) because of the impoverished population by the criminal crusades, AND 2) because of the plague. In this way the losses by the criminal crusades were partly balanced robbing Jewish houses and Jewish goods. All in all, criminal Jesus Fantasy Church could "inherit" goods of billions, or rob them by fake documents (see Zillmer: Columbus was the last - original German: Kolumbus kam als Letzter). Corrupt justice protected criminal Jesus Fantasy Church. THIS was the spiritual condition of new born Vatican Christianity, and this is the mental condition in Catholic territories until today: Jesus Fantasy Christs are allowed to commit defamations and robberies and can play "God" in this way, because they are protected by corrupt Catholic justice (!!!). Muhammad Fantasy Muslims only laughed the Jesus Fantasy Christians because they had recovered their trade ports on the Mediterranean by a hard Islamism mentality (today these ports are in Israel, Lebanon, and Syria)].

Chaldun was speaking about comprehensive and systematic works which were spread in the "countries north of the Arab countries". These works were translations of Arab works, this means Latin translations, which had been translated from Greek into Aramaic and Arab.

Ibn Chaldun considers himself in his self-image as a member of a culture where the wisdom of past cultures was united and had a further development. He was irritate that the non-believers and barbarians [[criminal Crusader Jesus Fantasy Christians]] got the heritage of this now [[not considering the war profits of the coldhearted Italian nobles with their tactics and shipping lines]]. He suspects that the great era of Arab science comes to an end. But he does not know that he is the last of his guild [p.157].

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