Content
28.1.
Spanish invasion against the Aztec
Empire under Cortés - at the same time Magellan is
sailing around the world
28.2.
The destruction of the fleet for
hindering any return - Cortez "liberating" the Totonacs
- intimidation with canons an horses - "liberation" of
Tlaxcala - the horse as a factor against the natives
28.3.
Supplement: Moctezuma and Aztecs
29.
Plundering the Aztec treasury and
"distribution" of the gold: 80% for Cortés - quarrel
about a cross on the temple's pyramid in Tenochtitlán -
Moctezuma lets detain his nephew
30.
Holocaust on Hispańola - the cross on
the temple pyramid in Tenochtitlán is unacceptable -
Aztec war declaration against the Spaniards - Magellan
is blocked in Patagonia by snow - Cortés promising his
departure - natives constructing four new ships for the
Spaniards - Spanish Crown wants to detain Cortés
occupying Veracruz - Cortés raiding Veracruz convincing
the royal soldiers for a second campaign against the
Aztecs
31.
Spanish occupants destroying the temple
under leadership of Alvarado - rebellion of the
population, or: preventive detention of Moctezuma, or:
arbitrary massacre - rebellion - second invasion of
Cortés with additional white troops - Moctezuma is
murdered by the natives as a puppet of the white - siege
of the "Spanish District" - the Aztec leader is murdered
- Spanish withdrawal "noche triste" ["sad night"]
32.
Spanish victory on the open field
against Aztec warriors - new war preparations under
Cortés against the Aztecs with sailboats - the Aztecs
dumping the golden treasure in the lake - smallpocks in
Tenochtitlán - Luther writing about policy, against
dogmas of the papal church describing new ethic rules -
Luther burning the papal bull getting more and more
followers - Magellan loosing his way in the cliffs at
the southern tip of South "America" - provision ship
flying - the Pacific
33.
First "scientific" reports about
natives
34.
Magellan's expedition crossing the
Pacific - Tenochtitlán sieged - Magellan reaching Guam
and Cebu - conversion of the sultan in Cebu - the sultan
urging Magellan subduing the Mactanese - death of
Magellan on Cebu by Mactanese superiority
35.
Continuation of Magellan's expedition -
again losses between two sultans - two ships leaving -
war between Charles V-Francis I - Spanish-native troops
sieging Tenochtitlán - pestilence, fire and destruction
- reports about the Spanish occupation
36.
Luther is outlawed - Habsburg becomes
Spanish - Spanish expedition in Florida and to Yucatán -
horror pictures about Aztecs - Aztecs were believing
above all to nature's symbols - the simulation of
Christianity becomes normal - loss and destruction of
the native's culture in Mexico - Luther translating the
New Testament - Portuguese ships fighting the Magellan
expedition
37.
Slave rebellion on "Hispańola" and Cuba
- Cortés becoming a governor of Mexico - the fleet of
France capturing the gold of Mexico - expansion of "New
Spain" under Cortés - project of the occupation of Peru
under Pizarro - arrival of one ship of Magellan's fleet
in Spain
38.
Spain: development of the "Conquista
technique"
39.
Robbery and trade of gold and silver
wold wide in about 1520. Scheme
40.
History of chocolate in "America",
Africa and Europe
41.
Luther's "September Bible", Luther
German, and protestant schooling
42.
Spanish military campaigns against Maya
natives and the destruction of the Aztec culture in
Mexico - "Christian" Mexico
43.
French-Italian alliance for an own
"western way" - Huaxtecs remain undefeated - destruction
of the Maya culture under Alvarado in Guatemala - first
Spanish expedition in Peru is failing [using the country
road]
44.
French search for a western way in
North "America" without success - Sevilla becoming a
monopoly port - Da Gama dying in India - Spanish
occupation of Quiche natives - Alvarado becoming a
nobleman - Pizarro's first expedition to Peru on the sea
- Cortés occupying Honduras
45.
World wide trade net of the Fugger
family - Francis I is detained by Charles V - Spanish
Moluccas journeys failing - Spanish expedition under
Gomez to the coast lines of North "America" - breakdown
of the last Aztec resistance and mass baptisms - Spanish
subjugation of Guatemala - Incas under Huascar - Spanish
"foundations of towns" in Panama - Christianization in
Mexico under the Franciscan Olmos - beginning of
systematic slave trade
46.
New war between Charles V and Francis I
- Spanish settlements in North "America" - defense of
Maya natives on Yucatán peninsula - second expedition at
the Peruvian coast line under Pizarro - Luther's "German
Mass", pastors are allowed to have children - Spanish
expedition at "Silver River" ("Rio de la Plata") -
Parana and Paraguay River
Chronology
28.1.
Spanish invasion against the Aztec Empire under
Cortés - at the same time Magellan is sailing around
the world
Cuba February 1519: Cortés knows that secrecy of
his invasion in Mexico will not last for a long
time and that he would loose the confidence of his crew.
Therefore he prefers to start during the night secretly
with not completely equipped ships starting from Havana
against the Aztecs. Spanish soldiers are promised good
profits with exchange trade. There is never any
mentioning of war (Huby, p.95).
One of the crew members is the soldier Bernal Diaz
del Castillo who was also in the expedition of
1517/18 gaining experience and who has got a high
reputation now. Cortés is often consulting him and is
giving Diaz del Castillo often the role of a
mediator without giving him any rank or decoration
(Huby, p.109).
White
racist occupation of the Aztec Empire
|
  |
Map with
the Aztec Empire before the Spanish occupation.
And then Hernando Cortés came with his horses.
Starting point is Santiago de Cuba (on
Cuba), not Havana. Landing location is near Veracruz
[1,2].
|
 |
Map of Mexico 1519-1521 with the route of
Cortés to Tenochtitlán with a relief of the
mountains [3].
The altitude differences which have to be
managed are enormous. It was surely a big
performance managing over 4,000 meters of
height on foot or on horse.
|
Diaz del Castillo [4]
|
Hernando Cortés
[5]
|
The venture is starting on Feb 18, 1519
-- with 10 ships
-- with 608 men
-- with 10 canons
-- and with 16 horses (Reinhard, vol.II, p.51).
Details are the followings:
-- 32 crew members are crossbow riflemen
-- 13 crew members are with muskets (rifles) as
musketeers
-- 10 are with the brass canons
-- 4 crew members are falcon carers
-- 308 to 500 crew members are soldiers
-- 100 crew members are sailors, pilots and captains
[not mentioned:
After all events the Spanish Crown can always say that
this military Mexico campaign of Cortés was not
authorized].
Dangerous transports of horses on the sea
for "America"
Transports of horses on the sea was very dangerous.
The horses were suffering the dark and humid rooms
down in the ships and they suffered because of lack of
movement. The death rate of horse transports to
"America" could be 50%, above all in the "horse
latitudes", regions on the oceans almost without winds
where the dead horses had to be thrown over board in
masses.
Measures were for example the installation of big
slings so the horses could swing in the air. Records
of 1800 yet are giving evidence that many precious
horses were dying in the ships on stormy Atlantic.
[Museum of the Horse, web19]
Before the construction of port quay facilities the
horses were taken with a ship crane to the water thus
they had to swim to the beach being lead by rudder
boats. Quotation:
<When a ship anchored off the coast of the New
World, the horses that had survived the voyage were
brought out of their stalls in the ship’s hold. In
order to prevent them from panicking, they were
blindfolded and carefully raised from below deck by
hoists attached to slings surrounding the horses’
bodies. Before wharves were build, the horses were
lowered into the water and made to swim ashore, led by
men in row boats.> [Museum of the horse, web19]
 |
A
horse is in a big noose taken to the water,
later it will be taken to the quay of the port
[6].
|
The advantage of the Spanish troops under Cortés:
natives don't know horses considering the whites as
"horse humans" - and prohibition of riding
The natives mean that horses and riders would be one
unique animal, a horse human.
<Bernal Diaz del Castillo, who accompanied Cortes in
his incursion into Mexico, wrote “The natives had never
seen horses up to this time and thought the horse and
rider were all one animal.”>
They are appreciating it enormously. Natives are rating
even the horses for being gods. [Museum of the horse,
web19]
The horses are one of the main factors for the Spanish
victories against the natives. And the "Christian"
colonialists prohibit riding for the natives. When
escaped horses are captured by natives then they are not
beginning to ride but they rather like to slaughter the
horse. [Museum of the horse, web19]
In March 1519 appr. the self-appointed
dictator Cortés lets land his fleet near San Juan
de Ulua at the Mexican coast line in the Gulf of
Mexico (Huby, p.95) in the territory of the today's
Mexican state of Tabasco. In a battle with
natives the expedition can take hostages of many
enemies, with them also a young, Aztec princess being
called "Marina" by Cortés. [Encarta:
Cortés, web26]
Cortés is installing an independent government which is
acknowledging the Spanish Crown as an authority only.
During a short training period Cortés gets the necessary
information about the Aztec rulership.
[Encarta: Cortés, web26]
Translator and concubine of Cortés: Dona
Marina/Malintzin
"In Tabasco Cortés is presented a woman servant
Dońa
Marina who becomes his translator and concubine."
[Cartwright, web12]
or there is also this version:
"During a battle with Indians there he took many
captives, including a young Aztec princess to whom he
gave the Spanish name Marina. She became his
interpreter, adviser, and lover." [Ossian: Cortez,
web24]
But there is also one more other version:
"Cortez is given a woman slave
Malintzin who is
speaking
Nahuatl and
Maya. With the help
of a Spaniard who had lived with the Mayas the most
important common language can be used as a political
language now. Also Malintzin gets - as all defeated
peoples - an own Spanish name. Dońa Marina." (Reinhard,
vol.II, p.51)
But Cortés is driving for more occupations for the king:
"By one account, Cortés forcefully asserted that he was
there to find gold, not corn."
(Mariners' museum: Hernando Cortes:
http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=explorer&id=34
(2014)
Cortés is looking for allies. He is searching
the coast lines for more allies against the Aztecs.
[Cartwright, web12]
At the beginning of 1519
Cortés lets construct a
basis camp calling this village
"Villa Rica de la
Vera Cruz" ("Rich Village of the True Cross").
[Cartwright, web12]
respectively:
"Cortez continued up the coast. On April 21, 1519, he
landed near the site of Vera Cruz." [Ossian: Cortez,
web24]
The soldiers and sailors are rebelling now because they
are experienced that the construction of a fort will be
followed by a war. Many of them were already in the
expedition of
Yucatán and made their negative
experience.
Cortés now is prevailing against all, he is not fearing
the intrigues of
Velasquez but he wants to
occupy Mexico for Spain giving this gift to
Charles
V thus it will be not important to Charles V who
was conquering Mexico.
Cortés is performing a military court in
Veracruz
and lets behead the leaders of the rebellion. The rest
of the rebels gets 200 blows with sticks (Huby, p.95).
28.2.
The destruction of the
fleet for hindering any return - Cortez "liberating"
the Totonacs - intimidation with canons an horses -
"liberation" of Tlaxcala - the horse as a factor
against the natives
Cortés is going on with brutal zeal of authority
hindering his crew of flying: He is ordering to destroy
the ships of his fleet, only some little boats should
remain. And the crew is following: All ships are put on
sand, all content is taken and then the ships are
destroyed (Huby, p.95).
All but one ship are burnt so the men cannot go back
again. The last ship is sent to Spain then for giving
Charles
V a message of the occupation. [Cartwright, web12]
In this way all are all in the same boat and
Cortés
is making "sweet" promises for the crew (Huby, p.95;
report of
Bernal Diaz del Castillo, soldier of
the expedition).
In the neighboring town of
Zempoala Cortés is
getting to know the
Totanac natives who are
hating the
Aztecs and who are fed up with paying
tax to them. [Cartwright, web12]
First station of the Spanish military campaign is the
town of
Cempoal (Zempoala), the capital of the
Totonac
natives.
->> the Totonacs consider the whites as liberators
as if they would be gods
->> the Totonacs see horses the first time in
their life
->> Cortés considers the Totonacs as first allies
against the Aztecs (Huby, p.95).
Tenochtitlán: The Aztecs mean yet
that there will be a god "Quetzalcoatl" coming
back from the east. Rumors are spreading that Cortés
would be this "Quetzalcoatl". Montezuma II, the Aztec
ruler, is sending spies and diplomats now. They are
coming back reporting that with this foreign god had
landed many "iron soldiers" with "sticks spitting fire"
[thus: rifles]. [Waesch: Cortés, web25]
God
Quetzalcoatl of the Aztecs
|
Statue of the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl in gold
[10]
|
Quetzalcoatl as a feathered snake [11]
|
Quetzalcoatl as a feathered snake [12]
|
Cortés is conquering rebellious locations making
short work with them. Refractory locations are fought
with fire arms and when this is not having effect then
they are confronted with riders. As natives have never
seen humans on horses before they are mostly giving up
by this impressive impression.
Natives are also forced watching demonstrations of
horses and fire arms. In this way the "strength" of the
Spaniards is presented:
-- demonstrations of fire arms
-- demonstrations of a wild horse making noise
whickering and pawing
-- and at the end comes the speech of Cortés
stating that the whites would all be peace loving
humans.
->> this intimidation and this tactic of promises
is working with the Totonacs (Huby, p.96)
->> and Cortés gets 400 Totonac burden bearers
->> and now the Totonacs are advising
Cortés to conquer Tlaxcala because the tribes
there would also like to be liberated from the Aztec
rulership (Huby, p.95).
Map of Mexico with the
position of Tlaxcala [13]
|
"Christian historic building", a church in
Tlaxcala... [14]
|
The military campaign against
Tenochtitlán is
continuing in the middle of April 1519 with 200 Totonac
burden bearers and with 40 fighting chiefs. [Cartwright,
web12]
Cortés leaves a little group on the coast line. The
big part of the expedition is marching to the inner of the
country under leadership of Cortés:
"Leaving a small force on the coast, Cortez led the
remainder into the interior." [Ossian: Cortez, web24]
Now there is a misunderstanding:
The army of the
Spaniards and
Totonacs is
confronted with 6,000
Tlaxcala fighters.
Additionally 40,000 Tlaxcala fighters are guarding the
town of
Tlaxcala. The Tlaxcalecs consider the
whites as allies of
Moctezuma. Pikes and sling
stones are on one side against swords and rifles at the
other side. The fury of the Tlaxcalecs is a big one
because
--
Moctezuma interrupted the trade roads of the
Tlaxcalecs
--
Moctezuma has damaged the Tlaxcalec economy in
a serious way (Huby, p.96).
or:
"On his way to
Tenochtitlán the expedition is
confronted by a mass of Tlaxcalec warriors who are incited
by
Moctezuma Xocoyotzin and by the Aztecs. The
Tlaxcalecs are attacking two times, but the they are
conquered and finally they are joining Cortés as an ally.
The next obstacle is
Cholula."
[Cartwright, web12]
or:
"The warlike Tlaxcalans attacked--300 Indians to every
Spaniard. After three battles, the Indians became allies
of the Spaniards." [Ossian: Cortez, web24]
Cortés means:
<Next to God, We Owe Our Victory to Our Horses.>
And:
<
Bernal Diaz del Castillo, who accompanied
Cortes
in his incursion into Mexico, wrote “The natives had never
seen horses up to this time and thought the horse and
rider were all one animal.”>
Cortes' army only had 16 horses but those provoked such an
admiration at the natives so they were subduing to the
occupants. [Museum of The Horse, web19]
After conceiving this new fact with the horses being
adored by the natives the
Spaniards were importing
horses in masses now:
<In 1519,
Coronado set out for North America
with 150 horsemen.
De Soto’s expedition, with 237
horses, followed, in 1539. By 1547,
Antoni de Mendoza,
the first governor of
New Spain (Mexico), had 11
haciendas and more than 1,500 horses. The Spanish
colonization depended on horses, and the Spaniards
recognized the tactical value of the animal.>
<The colonized Indians were forbidden to ride horses,
unless they had the specific permission of their
masters.>
[Museum of The Horse, web19; Parker, web21]
When other not conquered natives were capturing not
watched and straying horses then the horse was killed and
eaten and not used for learning riding.
[History of The Horse, web20]
The alliance against the Aztecs
Between the battles
Cortés always tried to
negotiate - successfully: The alliance against the Aztecs
could be formed:
->> the government is promising a help of 100,000
Tlaxcalecs against the Aztecs
->> Cortés and his Spanish soldiers are spending 20
paradisal days in
Tlaxcala with any food and
alcohol
->> performing a ceremony the tribal chiefs of the
Tlaxcalecs are giving daughters to Cortés and to Spanish
officers
+ the volcano
Popocatepetl is performing some
outbreaks with clouds of ashes at the horizon thus this is
another new performance for the Spaniards they have never
seen before (Huby, p.96).
The position of the volcano Popocatepetl in
Mexico [15]
|
The volcano Popocatepetl [16]
|
And the Spaniards see that in Tlaxcala life can
be just as good like in Spanish towns with markets where
all is offered what is needed for life: clothes, shoes,
golden ware, silver ware, gem stone jewelry, coal, wood,
healing herbs and medicaments, also a hair dresser is
there etc. (Huby, p.96).
Native woman from
Tlaxcala [17]
|
Market from Tlaxcala today [17]
|
1519
Aztecs: administrative reform without result
The Spanish occupations (Spanish "conquista") are
hindering the effect of the administrative reform of
Moctezuma II. During the war against the Spaniards there
is no result any more. [A.Baumann, web05]
Aztecs: Expectation of a returning god Quetzalcoatl -
Cortés exploiting these structures
The Aztecs are paralyzed. According to their astronomic
calculations the year 1519 should be the year when their
formally expelled god Quetzalcoatl should come back.
->> the Aztecs are awaiting that the new
white humans under Cortés would be the awaited gods
->> Cortés is recognizing immediately that
he can exploit the repressive structures of the Aztec
state
+ and Malintzin / Dońa Marina, the lover and assessor of
Cortés, is decisively contributing to the "success"
against the Aztecs (Reinhard, vol.II, p.51).
The priorities of Cortés are:
-- horses are more worth than human beings
-- dogs are another tool against the natives. [Encarta: Cortés, web26]
| Hunting natives
with shield, sword, horse and dog |
 |
Hernando Cortés hunting
natives with shields, swords, horses and dogs
[18]
This depiction
is speaking a clear language. The woman author
Dr. Nancy Fitch, professor of history at
California State University in Fullerton means
that the natives could have well distinguished
horses and riders. [Fitch, web16]
|
|
In June 1519 appr. the army of Cortés
is conquering Cholula. He is welcomed friendly
and is putting down in his records that this
town would be made just "for the Spaniards" for
living there (Huby, p.97).
[Where the natives should live he is not
stating...]
|
Map of
Mexico with the position of Cholula [19]
|
|
Aztec circles are
planning to trick Cortés into an ambush. During
a peace conference hold by Moctezuma in the
court of the temple in Cholula he should be murdered.
Dońa Marina / Malintzin is hearing about this
plan informing Cortés. The conference is prepared.
1,000s of Cholulan people are united in the court. Now
the Spaniards are coming together with the Tlaxcalacs
surrounding the Cholulans in their temple court fighting
them killing 1,000s of them (murdering?). The surviving
Cholulans are joining Cortés. [Encarta:
Cortés, web26]
or there is also this version:
On the base of rumors of being attacked in an ambush Cortés
let come 200 honorful representatives of Cholula
to his place and lets murder them. Then he is realizing
the promises he had made to the Spanish soldiers and
lets plunder Cholula. Cholula's population of about
3,000 to 6,000 persons are killed. Cortés calls this in
his reports "the castigation of Cholula".
These massacres are systematic methods of the Spanish
doctrine to subdue peoples. By spreading fear and horror
the populations should be brought to heel (Huby, p.97).
[And all other "Christian" Spaniards were collaborating
not shooting this mass murderer Cortés...]
Depiction
of the "Christian" massacre against the
natives in Cholula [20]
|
Depiction
of the "Christian" massacre of Hernando Cortés
against the natives in Cholula [20]
|
|
Depiction in the
Florentine Codex by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún;
In: Dr. Nancy Fitch; woman professor of
History; California State University, Fullerton:
The Conquest of Mexico. An Annotated
Bibliography [21] |
Cortés is
also deciding to destroy parts of the town of Cholula by
fire for "demonstrating" his power [and not one
"Christian" soldier killed this mass murder Cortés].
[what-means web13]
| Impressions from
Cholula |
Cholula pyramid which was dedicated to
Quetzalcoatl [22]
|
Stairs of the pyramid in Cholula [23]
|
"Christian historic building", a church
in Cholula [24]
|
Cholula: Panorama [25]
|
Magellan's expedition: In June 1519 the expedition
are reaching the bay of the today's
Rio de Janeiro.
There is much food, services of native girls, slave trade
(exchange trade: one girl for one big knife or one axe
etc.) but allegedly there is also cannibalism in the
tribes when they are fighting each other so are the
stories of a steerer
Juan Carvajo who says he has
seen this personally. All this has influence to Magellan's
sailors. The natives live in long huts with up to 100
persons in a noisy room (Huby, p.82).
The expedition makes a stopover in the today's Rio de
Janeiro in November 1519. [Waesch: Magellan, web28]
Mexico: Tenochtitlán: Moctezuma sees that he is in
a heavy danger because Cortés with his allies with
Totonacs and Tlaxcalacs is only one mountain range far
from
Tenochtitlán.
 |
Messengers
of Moctezuma are telling him about a foreigner
at the other side of the lake (Florentine codex)
[26].
|
Now see how the escalation
is going on by the criminal "Christians":
Moctezuma wants to solve the situation by his
kind of acting sending messengers to Cortés with gifts
with the message he should receive the gifts and go
home. So:
->> the nearer the troops of Cortés come the more
presents are given by Moctezuma's messengers.
 |
Depiction
how the Aztec natives are bringing gifts to
Cortés [36].
The translator is missing in this picture.
|
->> but these gifts are provoking a very primitive
reaction with the Spaniards: The more gifts they get by
the messengers of Moctezuma the more greedy they become
and they are not rewarding this generosity (Huby, p.97):
(German text:
"Als sie das Gold in ihren Händen hatten, brach
Lachen aus den Gesichtern der Spanier hervor,
ihre Augen funkelten vor Vergnügen, sie waren
entzückt. Wie Affen griffen sie nach dem Gold
und befingerten es, sie waren hingerissen vor
Freude, auch ihre Herzen waren angesteckt von
den Strahlen des Goldes. Nur nach Gold hungerten
und dürsteten sie, es ist wahr! Sie schwollen an
vor Gier und Verlangen nach Gold, gefrässig
wurden sie in ihrem Hunger nach Gold, sie
wühlten wie hungrige Schweine nach Gold." |
|
|
Translation:
"When they had the gold in their hands, the
Spaniards were laughing without limits, their
eyes were shining by joy, they were delighted.
Like monkeys they were taking the gold touching
it, they were moved back and forth by their joy,
also their hearts were infected by the rays of
the gold. They were just hungry and thirsty for
gold, nothing else, this is true! They were
swelling by their greed for gold, they converted
into carnivores with their hunger for gold, they
were rummaging for gold like hungry pigs."
|
(from:
Reinhard, vol.II, p.48; also in:
M.León-Portilla: Return of the Gods. Records of
the Aztecs about the doom of their empire
(original in German: Rückkehr der Götter. Die
Aufzeichnungen der Azteken über den Untergang
ihres Reiches). Munich, 1965, p.46, according to
Sahagún XII, 12)
|
|
|
|
|
The Aztecs are going on to think that
Hernán Cortés
would be the former god
Quetzalcoatl. The Aztecs
in
Tenochtitlán are awaiting Cortés as believing
and humble persons. And as it would be not coincidence
enough Cortés is just looking similar to the statue of
Quetzalcoatl (Huby, p.95).
28.3.
Supplement: Moctezuma and Aztecs
| Moctezuma / Montezuma / Mutezuma in normal life in
Mexico |
 |
Chocolate
sweeties and chocolate "Moctezuma" [37]
In Mexico Moctezuma is also a name for daily
articles: for example for chocolate sweeties and
chocolate. Moctezuma as a spirit against the
Spanish "Christian" imperialists greedy for gold
is omnipresent in Mexico.
|
 |
And Moctezuma are
also called a chain of restaurants and of
shopping centers [38].
|
 |
And of course
there is also a Moctezuma beer... [39]
|
| Traditional style of the Aztecs today |
Aztec mandala work
|
Aztec star
|
Aztecs, son+moon symbol
|
There are wonderful items
of Aztec stitcheries [40].
|
 |
 |
 |
Aztec natives [41]
|
Two Aztec girls are here confronted by
the "Christian" mission and don't show a joyful
face - and at the same time the church claims
Aztec had to be "saved"... [42]
|
Aztec flute with Aztec cross as a
pendant [43]
|
| Competitions in dancing
with a feather headdress |
 |
 |
 |
[49]
|
Chronology (continuation)
1519-1521
29.
Plundering the Aztec
treasury and "distribution" of the gold: 80% for
Cortés - quarrel about a cross on the temple's
pyramid in Tenochtitlán - Moctezuma lets detain his
nephew
The simple version tells the
following:
-- Spanish invaders destroyed and robbed with their
invasion the Aztec Empire (DTV history atlas vol.I, p.223)
-- from 1519 to 1521
Tenochtitlán is conquered by
the Spaniards (H. Cortés) and destroyed. On the ruins the
new town of
Mexico is built (DTV lexicon, vol.18,
p.136).
--
Cortés
is conquering the Aztec Empire 1519-1521 and is calling it
"Viceroyalty of New Spain", which is especially
precious because of it's treasury of silver (DTV lexicon,
vol.12, p.82).
So this is
the simple DTV production of history data with more gaps
than data with the European view, but it is not that
simple. It's really worth working out the details of the
events and judging them:
At the beginning of November 1519 the army of Cortés
from Spain - with Totonacs, Tlaxcalecs,
and Cholulacs inclusive - is coming over the
last mountain pass before Tenochtitlán. They
see the town of Tenochtitlán in the lake. In the town
before -
Iztapalapa - Cortés is received by 100
high officials. This is the proof that the Aztecs consider
the whites as gods yet (Huby, p.97).
During those times the capital of Tenochtitlán has got
300,000 inhabitants: "Before the conquest alone the
capital Tenochtitlán had 300,000 inhabitants."
(original in German:
"Allein die Hauptstadt Tenochtitlán hatte vor der
Eroberung rund 300.000 Einwohner.")
[Jestrabek, web03]
Bernal Diaz del Castillo
is telling the story like a novel:
"We ere really astonished about this magic empire which
seemed so unreal like the palace in the knight's book of
Amadis." (Reinhard, vol.II, p.49)
(in German:
"Wir waren bass erstaunt über
das Zauberreich, das fast so unwirklich schien wie die
Paläste in dem Ritterbuch des Amadis". (Reinhard II.,
S.49).
| Tenochtitlán: map allegedly by Dürer |
|
Tenochtitlán,
engraving map allegedly by Albrecht Dürer
Even with this world wide
spread engraving the lake is depicted in
absolutely faked dimensions.
in: Hernando Cortés: Praeclara
Ferdinandi Cortesii de nova maris oceani
Hyspania narratio...
Nuremberg: F. Peypus, 1524 [50].
|
<This
map, attributed to Albrecht Dürer, shows the
city before its destruction, with the principal Aztec
temples in the main square, causeways connecting the
city to the mainland, and an aqueduct supplying fresh
water. Much of the information on this map must have
come from Aztec sources - as did a great deal of the
intelligence Cortés relied upon in his conquest. This
map circulated in numerous histories of the New
World.> [Penn Library, web14b]
On Nov 8, 1519,
Cortés
is marching in
Tenochtitlán with a triumphal
march-in. Diaz is reporting:
(original
German:
"Die Strasse, auf der wir marschierten, war
nach meiner Erinnerung acht Schritt breit und
führte kerzengerade bis in die Mitte von Mexiko.
Aber diese grosse Strasse reichte nicht aus,
um die Menschenmenge aufzunehmen, die aus der
Stadt kam und die in die Stadt zog, um uns zu
sehen und zu begleiten. Auf allen Türmen und
Tempeln standen Zuschauer, der ganze See war
dicht bedeckt mit überfüllten Fahrzeugen
[...]" (Huby, S.97).
|
|
|
Translation:
"According to my remembrance the road where we
were marching was 8 feet broad and was leading
straight ahead into the middle of Mexico. But
this big road was not enough for the crowd
which came from the city and which was going
to the town for seeing and accompanying us. On
all towers and temples there were people
watching, the whole lake was full with
vehicles [...]." (Huby, p.97)
|
Cortés is received by
Moctezuma with
respect being considered the returning god
Quetzalcoatl:
(Text in
German:
<O unser Herr! Mit Mühsal, mit Ermüdung
hast du es erlangt, dass du hier im Lande
angekommen bist, dass du an deine Stadt Mexiko
herangekommen bist, dass du auf deiner Matte,
deinem Stuhl zu sitzen gekommen bist, den ich
nur eine kleine Weile für dich gehütet habe
[...]
Ich war bekümmert eine ganze Reihe von Tagen,
wie ich hinschaute nach dem unbekannten Land,
aus dem du gekommen bist, aus den Wolken
heraus. Denn das haben uns die Häuptlinge
überliefert, dass du kommen wirst, deine Stadt
aufzusuchen [...]
Und jetzt ist es wahr geworden. Du bist
zurückgekehrt. Sei nun wohl angekommen. Ruhe
dich aus! Besuche deinen Palast!> (Huby,
S.97)
|
|
|
Translation:
<O our Lord! You suffered hardship and you
are tired coming here to this land reaching
the town of Mexico and now you are sitting on
the mat and on the chair which I was guarding
for you just for a wile [...]
I was concerned during many days looking to
the unknown land from where you came, coming
out from the clouds. Because this was told us
by the chiefs that you will come to see your
town [...]
And now it has become true. You have come
back. You have arrived well. Just relax! Visit
your palace!> (Huby, p.97)
|
Now see the depictions how they are right or a fake:
According to Dr. Nancy Fitch the
woman translator
Malinche / Dońa Marina is
favoring the Spanish side very much concerning the
cultural differences between the Spaniards and the
Aztecs in Tenochtitlán. [Fitch, web17]
Moctezuma is
greeting Cortés with a high rated Aztec chocolate
beverage "xocolatl" which is tasting a little bit
bitterly, made of cacao beans "cacahuatl", a paste
with spices, vanilla and some honey. [Chocolate's
History, web23a]
 Moctezuma's
throne [55]
|
 |
|
Without his lover Malinche / Dońa
Marina - the translator - nothing is
working between the Aztecs and Cortés.
|
|
Depiction of
scenery in the Florentine Codex of Fray
Bernardino de Sahagún [56]
|
Moctezuma's brother is warning
Moctezuma II
now but in vain for trusting
Cortés too much:
<The gods should hope that you will not accept the
person in your house who is throwing you out of it
then [...].> (Huby, p.97)
(German text:
<Möge es unseren Göttern gefallen, dass ihr nicht
in euer Haus denjenigen hineinbringt, der euch aus
ihm hinauswirft [...].> (Huby, S.97)
But as opposed to the Aztecs the Spaniards have a
remarkably "stinky and gluey" kind of living. H.
Jestrabek tells us:
(original
German:
<Die Azteken hatten ein blühendes Reich
aufgebaut. Kulturell hatten die Azteken den
Eroberern einiges voraus. So in puncto
Körperpflege: Cortés berichtete erstaunt
dass die Indianer jeden Tag badeten. Die
Azteken bezeichneten die Eroberer - nicht
ohne Grund - als "stinkende und klebende
Menschen".>
|
|
|
Translation:
<The Aztecs had a booming Empire.
Culturally the Aztecs were advanced to the
conquerers. For example concerning hygiene:
Cortés was reporting in an astonished way
that the natives were taking a bath every
day. The Aztecs called the conquerers - not
without reason - as "stinky and gluey
men".> [Jestrabek, web03] |
Cortés lets celebrate Tenochtitlán during one
week. The Spanish soldiers are lodged in the former
palace of Moctezuma's father. But they are not waiting
so long and then they begin with their
search for
the royal treasure of the Aztec Empire. Under
the pretext to look for an appropriate location for a
chapel they get the access to the most holy rooms of
the former palace and behind a freshly plastered door
they find Moctezuma's royal treasure.
Now Cortés is joined for an estimation of the
treasure, but it seems not possible to him to
calculate the value of such a plenty of objects and
gold. Cortés lets shut and block the door again and is
not touching anything first (Huby, p.97).
At Nov 10, 1519, Spanish soldiers are trying to
perform the first trials for a purge and for
installing
churches. The Spanish soldiers want to eliminate
the Aztec gods from the temples immediately and they
want to install churches immediately.
Moctezuma
is prohibiting this and first the Spanish soldiers are
obeying.
The Spaniards don't want to understand the
Aztec
religion thanks to whom they were welcomed
peacefully in
Tenochtitlán. They are just
considering the ritual human sacrifices and the heart
amputations in favor of the sun. Cortés wants to stop
these sacrifice rituals with harsh measures (Huby,
p.98).
The Spaniards are really shocked about the
Aztec
sacrifice rites and they try to "introduce" the
"Christian" religion. But then the Aztec priests are
rebelling and they are advising Moctezuma to murder
Cortés.
[Cartwright, web12]
Aztecs: heart
processions with human sacrifices for the
sun: sun needs heart blood
|
| Such a
crazy belief seems very brute, but the wars of
"Christianity" for just a "cross" were not
less cruel - just the injured and the dead
victims of the battles are never counted! |
 |
 |
 |
[57]
|
[58]
|
[59]
|
[European war rite killing masses by ideological
reasons has not been acknowledged by the "Christian"
states as "bloody rite" until today...]
Soon after the installation of Cortés' headquarter in
Tenochtitlán on Nov 10, 1519, approximately Mr. Cortés
gets the news that Aztec groups had plundered Veracruz.
Now Mr. Cortés is acting against Montezuma
capturing him at Nov 14, 1519 forcing him to stop the
attack. Then he lets behead the attackers.
See the text of the Pirate King's Library:
<Soon after Cortez established headquarters in the
capital he learned the Aztecs had plundered Vera Cruz.
Swiftly he seized Montezuma and forced him to
surrender the attackers. Then he had them
executed.>
[Ossian: Cortez, web24; also in: Cartwright, web12]
Moctezuma II is brought to the "Spanish
District", the former palace of Moctezuma's father
(Huby, p.98), in the palace of Axayacatl, a
former Aztec ruler where also Cortés' quarter is
lodged. [Cartwright, web12]
At the same time Moctezuma is aware how the
mood of the "Teules" / white gods is becoming always
more and more arrogant (Huby, p.97) and he means that
this has to do something with gold because the
Spaniards are always speaking about gold what is known
in the meantime (Huby, p.98).
 |
Moctezuma is instructed by his
messengers about the Spaniards [60]
Depiction in the Florentine Codex of Fray
Bernardino de Sahagún.
|
In the
middle of November 1519 about Moctezuma is giving
the royal treasure away to the Spaniards meaning
that this would provoke getting rid off the Spaniards,
and he is even giving an obedient message to Charles
V:
"This is sending you your loyal vassal Moctezuma".
(German text: "Das sendet euch euer treuer Vasall
Moctezuma" (Huby, S.98).
 |
Depiction
of scenery: Moctezuma is presenting Cortés
all objects of his treasury. Next to Cortés
is Malinche, the translator [61]. |
Cortés is forcing Moctezuma to
swear his loyalty to the Spanish crown and to prepare
a ransom in gold and jewelry. [Encarta:
Cortés, web26]
This royal treasury Cortés is well accepting.
The soldiers and Cortés need three days for a close
look at it. Then the Spaniards are doing the most
incredible thing: They are leaving the jewelry and
arts objects but they are melting all golden objects
forming gold bars of it for the Spanish emperor (Huby,
p.98).
 |
Cortés and his translator Malinche
counting the gold of Montezuma [62]
Depiction of scenery of the Florentine Codex
of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún
|
But then the treasury has to be distributed and this
is provoking a quarrel:
-- 20% should get the emperor - this is not put into
question
-- now Cortés also wants 20% - but the soldiers are
not agreeing because Cortés is not an emperor
-- and Cortés wants even 20% more for "allowable
expenses" which should fall to Cortés again
-- and Cortés wants even 20% more for certain payments
of bonus
-- and only the last 20% should be parted under the
450 soldiers who are accompanying him.
->> now the furious soldiers are rejecting or
are spending their little pray on drinks
->> Cortés is acting against this rebellion with
an extraordinary council making new promises of all
kind, and where he is not convincing the soldiers he
is paying a little bit
->> and in this way the "Spanish unity" is saved
again (Huby, p.98).
Tenochtitlán: first "trials for Christianization"
at the end of 1519 appr.: The Spaniards are
undertaking first "trials for Christianization" with
the Aztec priesthood. Cortés lets erect a big cross on
the biggest temple pyramid holding saying a Mass there
- without the permission of Moctezuma II - and with
this action Cortés is desecrating the temple of the Aztecs
for the priesthood.
The Aztec clergy is rebelling and only now they
recognize that the whites are foreigners. The Aztec
clergy is now stating that the Aztec gods would be
furious against the whites. Above all the nephew of
Moctezuma, Cacama, duke of Tetzcuco,
is trying to form a conspiracy with all Aztec dukes
against Cortés and against these whites.
->> Cortés threatens Cacama with
"the worst" in the name of Charles V
->> Cacama is going on with his rebellion that
he would not know any emperor and it would be better
never having known this Cortés too
->> Moctezuma is ordering the detention
of Cacama and of other three nephews
->> Cortés lets detain Cacama and other three
noble nephews of Moctezuma jailing them in chains, and
in this way the Aztec nobles are tricked (Huby, p.98).
For these events there are very different depictions
which are just all not showing the real faces of
Moctezuma or Cacama, and there are depictions of
theater performances up to comics and naive depictions
etc.
1520
30.
Holocaust on Hispańola - the cross on the temple
pyramid in Tenochtitlán is unacceptable - Aztec
war declaration against the Spaniards - Magellan
is blocked in Patagonia by snow - Cortés promising
his departure - natives constructing four new
ships for the Spaniards - Spanish Crown wants to
detain Cortés occupying Veracruz - Cortés raiding
Veracruz convincing the royal soldiers for a
second campaign against the Aztecs
"Hispańola": On the island were 1 million
natives (in 1492), there are 16,000 left yet. Other
estimations say there were 8 million first and 55,000
are living yet (Reinhard, vol.II, p.62).
In the whole Caribbean and partly also in Mexico the
number of natives is reduced by 90%, on "certain
islands" the natives are
completely eliminated and
exterminated (Reinhard, vol.II, p.63).
Tenochtitlán: After a meeting between
Moctezuma
and the rebellious priests Moctezuma is offering his war
declaration to Cortés in the beginning of 1520 appr.:
"Our gods gave our priests and to me and to all leaders
the answer and the order that we have to make war
against you killing you or chasing you out to the sea."
(Huby, p.98)
(German text:
"Unsere Götter haben unseren Priestern und mir und
allen Anführern Antwort und Befehl gegeben, dass wir
gegen euch Krieg führen, euch töten oder euch auf das
Meer hinausjagen." (Huby, S.98)
Moctezuma is ultimatively claiming for the withdrawal or
the complete army of Cortés would die (Huby, p.98).
Magellan expedition: At the same time in February
1520 Magellan's ships are searching the eastern coast
line of South "America". The expedition is controlling
2,000 nautical miles [3,704 km] and on the position of
35ş latitude a big bay is found. Now the hope is rising
but this is only the big bay of the "Silver River" ("Rio
de la Plata"). The Spanish occupation is rebelling, but
Magellan can get his way one more time (Huby, p.82).
[Waesch: Magellan, web28]
Since March and April 1520
Magellan's expedition is
suffering an onset of winter at the coast line and the
ships have to stay the winter in "Patagonia" with
tossing storms and absolute monotony.
At the end of March the expedition is reaching the bay
which is called "Saint Julian" ("San Julian"). There is
no human being at this coast and the expedition is
staying there during two months. But there are dwellers
which are reported in the travel reports to be big
humans with giant feet thus the literature is combining
the Spanish word for foot (pata) with the ending for big
things (-gon): "Patagon", plural "Patagones", being
called "Big Footers", and according to these records of
Magellan the country gets later the name "Patagonia"
(Huby, p.83).
In March 1520 illnesses and quarrels are forcing
Magellan again to go ashore for a not so short stopover
of 6 months. [Waesch: Magellan, web28]
The crew is initiating with rebellions again. Magellan
is called a "limping devil". Magellan can hinder
shipping maneuvers of the rebels. "In the name of the
Crown" the leader of the rebellion, the Spanish captain
Mendoza, is beheaded by the captain's servant,
Quesada
(Huby, p.83).
On an expedition to a bay with the most flexible ship
"Santiago"
by Magellan's best friend
Serrao this ship comes
into a storm. The boat is smashed at the coast line. The
crew members are saving themselves. Two messengers are
reaching the mother ship after a walk of eleven days
through snow and ice. And the salvation of the crew is
successful (Huby, p.84).
Tenochtitlán: In April 1520
appr.
Cortés is promising
Moctezuma that
he will leave soon. But first new ships have to be
built. Moctezuma is content and is extending the
deadline. The natives are helping the whites and within
short time four new ships are built (Huby, p.98).
 |
Durán Codex 1521: natives
are building new ships for Cortés... [63]
|
Cortés is pretending a "friendship" now and wants to
invite Moctezuma for a trial trip with the boats in May
1520. There are no preparations made for parting yet.
Then
Cortés is getting the message that 800
Spanish soldiers have landed in Veracruz on the order of
Diego de Velásquez and under the leadership of
Panfilo
de Narvaez in the name of the Spanish Emperor.
They are ordered to detain Cortés and his soldiers
(Huby, p.98).
 |
 |
Diego de
Velásquez de Cuellar, governor of Cuba [64]
[and under him many natives have to die in
quarries for beautiful stony churches and
houses of the "Christs"...]
|
Panfilo de
Narvaez, Spanish colonialist in Mexico [65]
|
Velásquez sent 1,400 soldiers for detaining
Cortés
bringing him back to
Cuba, Pirate King's
Library means:
Text:
<Meanwhile Velasquez had sent 1,400 soldiers to
arrest Cortez and bring him back to Cuba.> [Ossian:
Cortez, web24]
And now Cortés is making more maneuvers:
->> Cortés is leaving about 200 soldiers in
Tenochtitlán
under the leadership of
Pedro de Alvarado
->> and with the remnant 250 Spanish soldiers he
wants to conquer the Spanish army under
Panfilo de
Narvaez (Huby, p.98).
Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish colonialist racist in
Mexico [66]
Veracruz: In one night Cortés with his troops
is surprising the forces of
Panfilo de Narvaez.
Cortés is even detaining Narvaez, he is bribing him
with gold and then he is leaving him to chose if he
wants to join the campaign against the Aztecs in
Tenochtitlán where more gold could be found, and then
Narvaez with his men is joining Cortés. [Cartwright,
web12]
or there is also this version:
<Cortés is holding one more "sweat speech" for the
soldiers bribing the troops of Velásquez with
intrigues and promises and in this way so they change
the side to him.> (Huby, p.99)
(original in German: "Cortez hält vor den
Soldaten eine weitere "honigsüsse Rede" und zieht so
die Truppe von Velásquez mittels Intrigen und
Versprechungen auf seine Seite." (Huby, S.99)
With this Cortés has isolated the distrustful
Velásquez
and he provoked in all soldiers the hope for occupied
territories (Reinhard, vol.II, p.51).
[-- the Spanish Crown is too coward to capture this
wild "Christian" Cortés
-- and using an extortion Cortés is winning more white
warriors against Moctezuma in Tenochtitlán
-- and the native population is absolutely betrayed by
Cortés because they did not even give all the royal
treasury for Cortés but they even have built ships for
him].
May-June 1520
appr.
31.
Spanish occupants destroying the temple under
leadership of Alvarado - rebellion of the
population, or: preventive detention of Moctezuma,
or: arbitrary massacre - rebellion - second
invasion of Cortés with additional white troops -
Moctezuma is murdered by the natives as a puppet
of the white - siege of the "Spanish District" -
the Aztec leader is murdered - Spanish withdrawal
"noche triste" ["sad night"]
Tenochtitlán:
During a festivity of the Aztecs where they are
singing and dancing before the temples Pedro de
Alvarado lets occupy the temple doors and the
dancing and singing natives are killed. Additionally
the soldiers are "rewarded" and are permitted to
plunder the temple and the neighboring houses.
->> now the enmity of the Aztecs is outbreaking
openly because the Spaniards are absolutely
unpredictable invaders because Cortés is not at all
present
->> and the native population is considering Moctezuma
only a puppet of the whites yet (Huby, p.99).
Or there is also here another version. Look how is the
criminal "Christian" work in Mexico:
The Aztecs get a permission from the Spanish side
under Pedro de Alvarado for celebrating the festivity
of Huitzilopochtli.
| Huitzilopochtli,
Aztec sun god and war god |
 |
 |
[67]
|
[68] |
Now the Spaniards are getting afraid that the Aztecs
could loose their mind and the mood could change
becoming a hostile one. [Cartwright, web12]
When the Aztecs were sacrificing for the sun god
Huitzilopochtli then the Spaniards took the resolution
to interfere. [A.Baumann, web11a]
Then the Spaniards take the resolution to interfere.
Moctezuma
is detained in chains, many Aztecs are killed. Then
the Spanish soldiers are taking their flight to the
Spanish District, the palace of
Axayacatl.
[Cartwright, web12]
or:
The leader of the Spanish garrison is massacring 600
Mexican nobles: <The leader of the garrison there
had slaughtered 600 Mexican nobles.>
[Ossian: Cortez, web24]
Cortés is yet under way to Tenochtitlán.
On June 23, 1520,
Cortés and his army are
reaching
Tenochtitlán and they see the town
blocked in an upheaval: The dams are broken. Cortés
lets build movable bridges for overcoming the gaps in
the dams. Then his army has to attack two times
reaching the town. [Cartwright, web12]
When
Cortés and his troops are reaching the
town of Tenochtitlán, then they are attacked by 1,000s
of Aztec soldiers:
<As Cortez and his men reached the heart of the
city, they were attacked by thousands of Aztec
warriors.> [Ossian: Cortez, web24]
On June 30, 1520, Cortés troops are reaching the
"Spanish
Quarter".
Bartolomé de las Casas is
reporting Cortés about the events of the upheaval.
Cortés is ordering
Moctezuma to order calm to
the Aztecs.
Moctezuma is also doing this. But now the mood
of the population is changing against him detecting
that he is only a puppet (Huby, p.99) of the brutal
and stinking Spaniards. The mob is murdering Moctezuma
by stoning him and he is dying of his injuries later
(King's Library). The upheaval and the siege are going
on (Huby, p.99). The Aztecs are sieging the "Spanish
District" now, they are blocking food deliveries and
they are interrupting the water supply to the former
palace of
Moctezuma II's father.
The Spaniards are in a lethal danger, but
Cortés
and three more are achieving to murder the leader of
the Aztecs robbing his banner. This is shocking the
Aztecs as this would be a "wonder" and then the Aztecs
are giving up the siege.
Text:
<Cortez' army was surrounded and apparently doomed,
but he and three others managed to get to the
chieftain of the Aztecs and killed him, seizing his
banner. Dismayed by this apparent "miracle," the
Aztecs withdrew.> [Ossian: Cortez, web24]
After being
stoned Montezuma is dying three
days later.
[Encarta:
Cortés, web26]
or there is this version:
The conquerer
Cortés is achieving to detain
Montezuma killing him by stabbing. [Jestrabek, web03]
The resistance of the Aztecs is continued under
Koatlahuak and later under Cuauthemoc. [Jestrabek,
web03]
Letters to Cortés to Charles V about the occupation
of Mexico
After having convinced the troops in Veracruz
continuing the military campaign Cortés is justifying
his action in a personal letter of Charles V and in
this way he is winning more influence than the India
politician Mr.
Fonseca who is a relative of
Velásquez
(Reinhard, vol.II, p.51). All in all Cortés is sending
five detailed reports about his occupation of Mexico
to the Spanish king Charles V. [Penn Library, web14a]
"Sad night" ("noche triste")
On June 30 / July 1, 1520 the Spaniards are retreating
from Tenochtitlán in the "sad night". [A. Baumann,
web07]
or:
Less than 500 of the remaining Spanish soldiers are
trying their flight to the allies of the Tlaxcalacs.
<With fewer than 500 of his men left alive, Cortez
in July 1520 made his way back to his Tlaxcalan
allies.> [Ossian: Cortez, web24]
or:
Cortés and his soldiers want secretly leave
Tenochtitlán being protected by the night. Only 20% of
Moctezuma's treasury, just the part for the emperor,
can be loaded. From the rest anyone can serve himself
as much he wants. But the Spanish soldiers don't want
any ballast or burden. In this way most of the
treasure is left in the palace.
Cortés' army with the allies of
Totonacs,
Tlaxcalecs
and
Cholulacs is trying during fog and rain
it's flight over the dam to
Tacuba.
->> now the emergency bridges are jamming in the
soft soil, and the flight is blocked at the open
ditches
->> during every flash of the thunderstorm there
is an attack of the Aztecs by flashes coming from the
canoes, and from the upper floors sling stones are
hammering to the Spaniards
->> the refugees are blocked from both sides now
and from behind the soldiers are pushing the first
ones into the ditches and channels
->> the killed soldiers and horses are filling
up the channels and the rest is running over it.
 |
"Noche Triste" / "night of sorrows":
The Spaniards are taking their flight from
Tenochtitlán [69]
Depiction of the scene in Florentine Codex of
Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. |
The balance is:
-- over 800 dead Spanish soldiers
-- over 4,000 dead soldiers of the
Tlaxcala
natives
-- the whole Spanish artillery is eliminated
-- about 70 horses are killed (Huby, p.99)
or:
Finally the Aztecs are expelling the Spaniards in June
1520.
[Encarta: Cortés,
web26]
or:
On June 30 Cortés is arriving at the palace of
Axayacatl.
The Spaniards found a huge amount of gold in a
hideout, the royal treasure of Axayacatl. The
Spaniards are taking the gold (which is a heavy
burden) and they want to fly with it during the
darkness of the night passing a secret exit to the
north to Tlatelolco on the dam to
Tlacopan.
The Aztecs are attacking the flying Spaniards on the
dam on it's whole length up to Tlacopan. From 1,500
Spaniards and their allies only 300 reach Tlacopan.
100s are disappearing or are killed. Almost all who
reach Tlacopan are injured, also Cortés who has a
serious wound on his head. This night is known as
"Noche Triste" ["night of sorrows"]. [Cartwright,
web12]
Bernal Diaz del Castillo about the death under
the sign of the king and the money:
"They (the Spaniards) were dying a dreadful death for
serving God and His Majesty [!] bringing light [!] to
them who were in the darkness, and also getting wealth
who humans are looking for normally." (Reinhard,
vol.II, p.49)
(original in German:
"Sie (die Spanier) starben jenen grausamsten Tod, um
Gott und Seiner Majestät zu dienen [!] und denen
Licht [!] zu bringen, die in der Finsternis waren,
und auch, um Reichtümer zu erlangen, die wir
Menschen alle gemeinhin zu suchen pflegen."
(Reinhard II., S.49)
[Without protest the Spanish historians are permitting
the human sacrifices for the mission and they are even
justifying all theft and robbery. This logic would
also permit the theft and robbery of the Vatican
because this action is just "human" how those nobles
are just writing...]
August-end of 1520
32.
Spanish victory on the open field against
Aztec warriors - new war preparations under Cortés
against the Aztecs with sailboats - the Aztecs
dumping the golden treasure in the lake -
smallpocks in Tenochtitlán - Luther writing about
policy, against dogmas of the papal church
describing new ethic rules - Luther burning the
papal bull getting more and more followers -
Magellan loosing his way in the cliffs at the
southern tip of South "America" - provision ship
flying - the Pacific
Newly
formed the Spaniards are leaving Tlacopan
reaching Tlaxcala. The Aztecs are pursuing
them and in the plain near Otumba some
Spaniards are detained. The Spaniards - whereas a
minority - are returning and are defeating the Aztecs
in the field. [Cartwright, web12]
Then the withdrawal to Veracruz is performed.
Mexico: From about September to October 1520 Cortés is
undertaking new preparations for another military
campaign against the Aztecs in Tenochtitlán, with
-- many native allies auxiliaries
-- with 900 Spanish soldiers
-- with 86 horses
-- with 3 heavy cannons
-- with 15 light cannons
-- with 13 little sailboats for attacking Tenochtitlán
also on the lake (Huby, p.99), so called brigantines,
sailboats with two posts for blocking Tenochtitlán
from Texcoco blocking Lake Texcoco. [Cartwright,
web12]
 |
Sailboat
with two posts "brigantine", invention by
Hernando Cortés [70]
|
According
to Dr. Nancy Fitch the brigantine sailboat is a genius
invention of Cortés: It is a rudder boat, a sailboat,
and in a long form of a tub, with canopy protecting
the crew and warriors from attacks by arrows. Cortés
lets build 13 such brigantines. They permit the
Spaniards to control the whole lake during the siege
of Tenochtitlán. [Fitch, web16]
At the same time there is a propaganda in Tenochtitlán
against the Spaniards for defending Tenochtitlán. The
Aztecs are electing the son-in-law of Moctezuma II,
Cuauthémoc, as their successor. He wants to
make a huge propaganda in all native tribes and
populations driving to a "general fight against the
Spaniards" but he is not enough successful with it.
Hoping that the Spaniards will leave Tenochtitlán in
peace when the dwellers have no gold any more the
Aztecs are throwing all gold into the lake (Huby,
p.99).
And now there is one more factor: Smallpox are
breaking out. And because of the missing defense in
their immune systems the mass death in the native
population begins (Reinhard, vol.II, p.51).
 |
Smallpox
epidemic in Tenochtitlán [71]
Depiction of scenery in Florentine Codex of
Fray Bernardino de Sahagún.
|
 |
A hand
infected by smallpox [72] |
 |
Smallpox also emerge in old men's homes
in Germany... [73]
|
During this smallpox catastrophe in Mexico Luther is
fighting in Germany:
August-December 1920
Germany: Defense against the dictator pope:
Luther's scriptures and the burning of the bull
Luther is accepting only baptizing and the
supper.
->> this should be the "reformed" church
->> the "principle of scriptures" should count,
only that what is written in the Bible
->> "freedom" of belief counts also without the
Pope (DTV history atlas vol.I, p.231)
->> in December 1520 Luther is burning the ban
bull of the Pope in Wittenberg.
With these actions the reformation against the papal
world wide power is spreading to widest circles, with
them also Humanists like
Mr. Melanchthon, Mr.
Hutten and
Mr. Zwingli (DTV history
atlas vol.I, p.231).
Many
revolutioners against the dictator Pope
|
 |
 |
 |
 |
Martin Luther,
bronze relief [74]
|
Melanchton [75]
|
Ulrich von Hutten [76]
|
Ulrich Zwingli [77]
|
But these new "protestant" leaders were never
uttering any statement against colonialism and
against the holocaust which was committed
against the natives...
|
Magellan's expedition: In September / October
1520 Magellan believes having found a naval way
passing South "America". But the bay is soon coming
out as a mouth of a river and one more dead end. The
river is called "Santa Cruz" ("Holy Cross"). [Waesch:
Magellan, web28]
From October to December 1520 Magellan is looking for
the passage searching the cliffs of the south top of
South "America". Magellan is going on with his
expedition passing
"Santa Cruz" down to a cape
which is reached at the "Saint Ursula's Day and day of
11,000 virgins", and therefore the cape is called
"Virgin
Cape" ("Cabo Virgenes"). Two ships are ordered
to search the bay (Huby, p.89).
Two ships are heading forward returning with the
message that the way would end at another ocean. Now
the fleet is following. Magellan means that he had
found the passage on Oct 21, 1520. But what looked
like an ocean is only a big lake. Now the crew is
again in a rebellion. But Magellan is forcing them on.
After this one there is a second and even a third bay.
And the whole month the crew is searching in the name
of the king. [Ossian: Magellan, web27]
Return of the supply ship: Suddenly the crew of
one of the heading ships is deciding to stop all this.
The crew of the ship "Antonio" is putting their
captain in chains sailing home. Magellan is looking
for the ship for days because this lost ship contains
almost all food reserves of the little fleet (Huby,
p.84). The supply ship is not found again. Magellan is
continuing his trip despite of all. [Ossian: Magellan,
web27]
The expedition is in the cliffs during cold and fog
(Huby, p.84). The white Spanish sailors are detecting
a new vegetation and never known animals before like
the
"Magellan penguins" and the phenomenon of
glaciers ending in the sea endangering the expedition
(Huby, p.89).
The Pacific
After 27 days of fight with cliffs and shoals on 600
km of trip the remnant three ships of Magellan's
expedition are reaching the open sea on Nov 28, 1520.
As the little fleet is reaching the Pacific in a quiet
moment and the sea is just so "calm" "laying before
us"
Magellan is calling the sea "El Pacifico"
("The Pacific"). But the future is catastrophic. The
supply ship has left. Soon the sailors will have to
eat the leather of the ship's equipment and sawdust
(Huby, p.84).
Magellan's expedition is crossing the strait in the
south of "America" which is called soon
"Magellan
Strait" by the sailors.
Having reached on the other side Magellan is sailing
along the coast line upwards to the height of today's
Valparaiso, then westward crossing the
"Pacific". The expedition is 2 1/2 months sailing with
hunger, thirst and scurvy.
Then the Magellan expedition is landing on
Guam
Island [today Mariana Islands next to
Micronesia] (Reinhard vol.II, p.46).
 |
Map with Magellan's travel route [78]
|
1520: world map
by Schöner, a globe
|
1520:
world map by Peter Apianus
|
North
"America" is existing only as a little island
for him... [79]
|
North
"America" is a little island yet, and near
Panama there is a big strait drawn on the
map... [80]
|
1520
33. First "scientific"
reports about natives
Johannes
Boemus
|
|
|
Johannes
Boemus: work: Costumi le
leggi et l'usanze di tutte le genti
("rights and customs of all populations");
Venice: Dominico & Alvise Giglio, edition
of 1566 [81]
|
<First published in Latin in 1520,
Boemus's
popular little tome was an attempt to collect in one
place the rituals, practices, and customs of peoples
ancient and modern. It was a book which inevitably grew
as more information became available as a result of
discoveries abroad.> [Penn Library, web15a]
<The fourth book of this translation includes new
material on
Florida, the
Caribbean,
Mexico,
and
parts of South America. None of this
material is new in any absolute sense; it is liberally
cribbed from earlier voyage accounts and chronicles.
What this volume allows us to see is how the Indians
became part of the intellectual furniture of early
modern European observers.> [Penn Library, web15b]
The Codex Bodley is reporting about the Mixtecs in
Oaxaca,
Cholula, and in
Tlaxcala.
1521
34.
Magellan's
expedition crossing the Pacific - Tenochtitlán
sieged - Magellan reaching Guam and Cebu -
conversion of the sultan in Cebu - the sultan
urging Magellan subduing the Mactanese - death of
Magellan on Cebu by Mactanese superiority
At the beginning of 1521 Magellan orders the
crossing of the Pacific. The fleet is passing it
within 20 days. 19 sailors are dying by scurvy (Huby,
p.84). All in all the fleet needs from the "Magellan
Strait" to the Philippines 100 days. [Ossian:
Magellan, web27]
And during this trip on the Pacific happens the
following in Mexico:
Tenochtitlán: Again Cortés is playing the ends
against the middle and in 1521 he can return to
Tenochtitlán with an army of about 200,000 men. But
the Aztecs are prepared and there are several hard
fights where Cortés cannot prevail. Again and again he
has to withdraw. [Waesch: Cortés, web25]
From January to May 1521 Cortés is sieging
Tenochtitlán and is cutting it from it's neighboring
towns and from it's allies. [Cartwright, web12]
There are cruelties by the Spaniards and their
auxiliary troops intimidating the Aztecs and their
allies from the beginning. The Aztec coalition against
the Spaniards is braking (Huby, p.99).
And in the same time Magellan is reaching Asia:
Magellan's expedition: In March 1521 the "Ladron
Islands" / Guam are reached. Magellan is calling
these islands in this way [ladron=Spanish: thief]
because the natives seem to "rob without limits". The
fleet is taking fresh food and water on board sailing
on (Huby, p.84); [ [Waesch: Magellan, web28]
On March 31, 1521, Magellan lets read the first "Holy
Mass" on Philippine soil: on an island of the Visayas.
The precise location is disputed, presumably this was
Limassava. Magellan is making friends with the
Datus Kalabo and Siaui. [Payer, web18]
April 7, 1521: Magellan is landing on Cebu. [Payer,
web18]
Within a short time Magellan is reaching a more or
less colonial treaty with the sultan on Cebu
Island. The expedition is staying there for
weeks. At the end glass pearls are exchanged for pure
gold (Huby, p.85).
Magellan is achieving to convert the sultan on Cebu
and his fellowmen. [Ossian: Magellan, web27]
On April 14 Magellan gives to the newly converted
woman Juana of a local Cebu ruler Raja
Humab-on a statue of Jesus "Santo Nińo"
made in Flanders. This statue is honored until today
every third Sunday in January on the whole Philippines
by celebrations. [Payer, web18]
Then the sultan of Cebu is pleading Magellan
for help on the neighboring island, Mactan Island,
he should subdue a local chief on this little island.
Magellan is landing on Mactan Island and sees that he
is confronted by a 30 times superiority which is
awaiting him in a rowed battle order with spears and
shields. Magellan lets storm and shoot. But the balls
are bouncing from the shields. Then Magellan is
passing aside and is burning down the huts of the
Mactanese people hoping that then the Mactanese will
give up the battle for saving their goods.
But the Mactanese are reacting in another way: They
are always more furious against these whites and they
saw that Magellan is their leader. Thus Magellan is
stabbed and killed by the spears at the end (Huby,
p.85), at April 27, 1521. [Ossian: Magellan, web27]
or:
April 27, 1521: When Magellan wants to land using
force on Mactan Island he is killed by Lapu-Lapu,
a tribal chief. Later Lapu-Lapu is honored as a
Philippine national hero. [Payer, web18]
or:
Magellan is stroke to death in a quarrel between local
dukes (Reinhard, vol.II, p.46).
[This is the first time when "Christian" sailors have
to notice the equality of native enemies. But the
western, Europe centered history books are just
keeping silent mostly how the sultanates reacted with
their populations. It seems that here is hidden
something important - perhaps tolerance!]
since April 1521
35.
Continuation of
Magellan's expedition - again losses between two
sultans - two ships leaving - war between
Charles V-Francis I - Spanish-native troops
sieging Tenochtitlán - pestilence, fire and
destruction - reports about the Spanish
occupation
Rests of the group of
Magellan are passing the group of the island
detecting cinnamon trees and palm wine. The crew
is exchanging goods getting cloves, nutmegs and
ginger (Huby, p.85). On Luzon Island the
expedition detects the rice terraces of Bawana
which are also called the "eighth wonder of the
world" (Huby, p.91).
One more time the expedition is
involved into a quarrel between two sultans loosing a
part of the crew thus only 115 men are left. Thus the
ship "Concepción" has to be destroyed and only
the ships "Trinidad" and "Victoria"
remain starting to the Moluccas Islands (Huby,
p.85).
Under the leadership of Juan Sebastian del Cano
the Spaniards are burning one of the three ships
sailing to the Moluccas Islands / Spice Islands.
[Ossian: Magellan, web27]
[Tordesillas Line is not reported in any source
Now it seems very strange that there is no indication
about the quarrel of the Tordesillas Line if the
Moluccas Islands should be Spanish or Portuguese
territory now. This had been the main reason for
Magellan's journey! But no source is indicating
anything. The quarrels between the sultans are more
important than the measurements as it seems].
1521 (-1526)
Europe: First war
between Charles V and Francis I
(DTV history
atlas vol.I, p.237)
[How many human
sacrifices this "Christian" war cost?]
Emperor Charles V: an arrogant war head on the
horse, Emperor or the "Holy Roman Empire" [82]
Tenochtitlán: Now
the brigantine ships are coming in the end of
April 1521 blocking the dams. Some ships go to Tlatelolco
clocking the town, thus all supplies for Tenochtitlán
are blocked. The town should be starved out.
Cortés' army consists of
-- 86 riders with horses
-- 118 crossbow hunters and soldiers with muskets
("musketeers")
-- 700 swordsmen with shield and sword
-- 1,000s of native allies.
The army is parted into three parts. These parts are
marching around the lake and attacking villages
independently. The three parts then are heading their
attacks against Tlacopan, Coyoacan,
and Itztapalapa and also against tribes of
towns where the collaboration with Tenochtitlán is
going on yet. Fresh water supply by the aqueduct
(Chapultepec viaduct) is interrupted. As a consequence
50,000 Aztecs in Tenochtitlán are dying by the
consumption of salty water then. [Cartwright, web12]
On May 31, 1521 the army of Cortés begins with the
complete siege of Tenochtitlán (Huby, p.99).
One source also reports pestilence:
In 1521 Tenochtitlán is surrendering because
pestilence has broken out (1/3 of the population was
affected) in combination with hunger and then to the
Spanish soldiers. [Jestrabek, web03]
Other sources report smallpox:
The siege is tightened, districts and dams are
destroyed by using stones:
"Cutting Tenochtitlán from it's surroundings was
reinforcing the siege of Cortés up to the Aztec
Capitol State House. There was only little resistance
yet. The big part of the population had died by
smallpocks which were introduced in Tenochtitlán by
one of the men of Narvaez.
Some days later after having bombarding the town
Cortés changed his strategy attacking one district
after the other destroying and burning them. The
quarry stones fell into the water and new dams were
built in this way. The Spaniards were withdrawing in
the night and continued with their destructive work
during the day. Cortés hat over 100,000 native allies
and in this way he was strong enough to destroy three
districts of Tenochtitlán."
[Cartwright, web12]
The attack of the
Spanish and native allied troops against
Tenochtitlán
|
A plan of the town of Tenochtitlán with the
different districts [83]
|
Attack of Cortés' army by
brigantine ships destroying the
fortification walls [84]
Depiction of scenery in
the Florentine Codex of Fray Bernardino de
Sahagún
|
In June 1521 the army of Cortés has penetrated
Tenochtitlán. The Aztecs are resisting bitterly. The
army of Cortés has to fight street by street arduously
(Huby, p.99).
On August 13, 1521, finally Cortés is ordering
the frontal attack with all means against
Tenochtitlán and it's reduced defense force. After two
months and 100,000 of deads the Aztec capital is
finished in flames and with it the Aztec Empire. The
Spaniards don't know any mercy any more burning down
everything.
[Waesch: Cortés, web25]
Depictions of the frontal attack
Historic details as described above are not important
because just a "Christian" victory is described...
http://history.smsu.edu/jchuchiak/HST%20350--Theme%209--Final_conquest_and_siege_of_teno.htm
(April
2005)
The remnants of the Aztecs resisting yet are breaking
down not fleeing to Cuauhtemoc to Tlatelolco
offering their last resistance, but also this last
town is falling.
[Cartwright, web12]
 |
"Christian" reports are
judging about Tenochtitlán: "The destruction
of images of other gods", or one can call it
also just a "street battle" [85]
[People with other beliefs will call the
"Christians" as non-believers...]
|
Tenochtitlán: The gold has gone!
There is the rumor now that the Aztecs had thrown all
gold from the royal treasure into the lake where it
cannot be found any more. The Aztec warriors are just
shouting and provoking the Spanish soldiers with the
word of "oro, oro!" ["gold, gold"] showing again and
again to the lake (Huby, p.99).
August 1521 (or beginning of September; Huby,
p.99)
Tenochtitlán: capture of the leader of Cuauhtémoc
[Encarta: Cortés, web26]
"When
Cuauhtemoc wanted to flee on a canoe then
he was captured on the lake. Now the Spaniards had won.
This last siege had lasted from June to August - 75
days. The destruction of
Tlatelolco and
Tenochtitlán
was absolutely rigorous so Cortés ordered to leave the
towns."
[Cartwright, web12]
and:
<When the Spaniards conquered Tenochtitlán they threw
the "sun stone" out of the temple on the central square
(today's Zócalo). As the sun stone was worshipped on
without limits the Spaniards let bury the "sun
stone".>
(original in German:
"Als die Spanier Tenochtitlán eroberten,
schmissen sie den "Sonnenstein" aus dem Tempel auf den
Hauptplatz (den heutigen Zócalo). Da der Sonnenstein
aber weiter angebetet wurde, liessen die Spanier den
"Sonnenstein" vergraben.") [A.Baumann, web11a]
Aztec sun stone
(calendar stone)
|
This is the Aztec sun stone with the names of
the days of the Aztec calendar [86]
|
|
The original of the sun
stone is in the National Anthropological
Museum in Mexico City (Museo Nacional de
Antropología) [87]
|
Since July 1521 Cortés lets search the
lake for the sunk royal treasure (Huby, p.99). Then he
lets fill the channels and destroy Tenochtitlán
completely. Also the calendar stone is disappearing in
the rubble (Huby, p.109).
Cortés is the successor of the Aztec "Three
Towns Alliance" governing over 300,000 km2
appr. now (Reinhard, vol.II, p.52).
Over 200,000 Aztecs have fallen in the fight by
pestilence, hunger and thirst (Huby, p.99).
or:
->> of about 350,000 inhabitants in Tenochtitlán
about 50,000 survived the Spanish occupation
[Cartwright, web12]
->> but now the royal treasure is not present
any more
->> Chuauhtémoc is tortured now, at the
end his feet are burnt, but he cannot give more
information that the treasure is in the lake (Huby,
p.99).
"Christian" and native reports
The reports about Tenochtitlán to Madrid are the
followings:
-- there are reports by Cortés himself
-- there are reports by Bernal Diaz del Castillo:
"Historia verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva
Espańa" ["True story about the conquest of New Spain"]
-- there is a report of chaplain Francisco Lopez
de Gómara: "Historia General de las Indias"
("General History about the Indies") part 2
-- and there are sources from the natives of the
tribes being at enmity in:
M.León Portilla: El reverso de la conquista.
Relaciones aztecas. mayas e incas ["The reverse side
of the conquest. The connections of the Aztecs, Mayas
and Incas"]; Mexico 1964.
->> and only in these native sources the
cultural misunderstandings are detected:
-- the Aztecs were believing at the Quetzalcoatl myth
-- the Aztecs did not understand why the whites were
not eager for the precious feather words but for the
less worth gold
-- the Aztecs did not understand why the whites killed
in the fight instead of making hostages for performing
sacrifices
[but war and world dominance is the "Christian"
purpose of sacrificing!]
-- the Aztecs did not understand why the whites did
not also wait for the cosmic catastrophe.
->> so at the moment of the appearance of Cortés
the Aztecs were inhibited and helpless and therefore
Cortés and his killers had an easy game "in the name
of the king" (Reinhard, vol.II, p.52) [whereas he was
not at all acting in the name of the king!]
Tenochtitlán is leveled to the ground. And
Cortés lets rebuild the town as Mexico City in a
Spanish colonial style. New settlers from Spain are
reaching the country thus Mexico City becomes the capital
of whole "America". [Encarta:
Cortés, web26]
 |
Cortés, greedy
for gold and destructive, is inspiring the
artists until today for crazy masks like here
for example [88]
|
 |
The
situation of today: ruins in Mexico City
next to "Christian" stony architecture [89]
[And for
the new Spanish houses there remains the
question: Who was working with the stones?
Where stones taken from the lake which had
fallen into the lake before or were new
stones brought to the town? Was there a compensation?]
|
 |
The feather crown of Moctezuma [90]
The feather crown of
Moctezuma is taken by Cortés being
transported to Spain handed over to Charles
V. Then the Aztec feather crown of Moctezuma
is landing in Vienna in the Austrian
Anthropological Museum [90]
|
Letters of the Aztec representatives to the Austrian
government with the appeal to hand back this feather
crown or execute an exchange are for nothing.
(see:
http://deliberate.com/aztec/
(April 2005). According to the law of nations it would
be only right and proper to give back this feather
crown).
 |
Copy of the feather crown in Mexico
City [91]
In Mexico City in the Anthropological Museum
only a copy of the feather crown is allowed.
|
Supplement:
During all these years there is the total holocaust
going on on Cuba against the natives with
expulsions, forced relocations, work in quarries,
transporting stones and building stony houses and
churches for the whites in the name of "Jesus" with
thousands of dead victims with the natives.
This "Christian" system is also introduced in Mexico.
Slavery committed to the Aztecs and partly to other
native tribes is simply applied to all other natives
when they are not taking their flight or when they are
not capable for their defense...
1521
36.
Luther is outlawed -
Habsburg becomes Spanish - Spanish expedition in
Florida and to Yucatán - horror pictures about
Aztecs - Aztecs were believing above all to
nature's symbols - the simulation of Christianity
becomes normal - loss and destruction of the
native's culture in Mexico - Luther translating
the New Testament - Portuguese ships fighting the
Magellan expedition
Worms: Luther
is allowed to be present at the National Council
(Reichstag) in Worms (also called "Diet of Worms").
But Luther is making his speeches in vain on this
council also when he is referring to the "Holy Book".
He cannot prevail and is outlawed by
Charles V
by the
Edict of Worms (DTV history atlas
vol.I, p.231)
[Well, at the same time the Catholics make their
occupations in "America" and there is no reason for
giving in...]
And Emperor
Charles V is getting the guarantee
of Germany for help against France ("Reichshilfe")
(DTV history atlas vol.I, p.237).
Habsburg becoming Spanish: Charles V is giving
the power over Habsburg hereditary lands to his
brother
Ferdinand (1503-1564) founding the
Austrian line of the dynasty (DTV history atlas vol.I,
p.237).
Mexico: Spanish expedition to Yucatán
under Poncé de León (Reinhard, vol. II.,
p.47)
"Florida": Juan Ponce de León is returning once
again to "Florida". But he is injured by natives and
brought to
Cuba where he is soon dying. Ponce
de León is buried in the cathedral of San Juan in
Puerto Rico. [Ossian: Leon, web31]
Tenochtitlán: Since 1521 Spanish priests are spreading
horror pictures about the Aztecs. Also here the
history is written by the winners - above all by the
few priests who can write:
-- Moctezuma was murdered by his own men
-- in general the Aztecs are reported having waded in
the blood of their human sacrifices
These are just deliberately spread history lies - by
the priests - following the orders of the conquerers:
-- there are depictions of heads - serving to the
Aztec calendar - and now there is the lie that these
would be cranes from human sacrifices
-- Aztec urns with seeds should have been alleged
cooking pots of cannibals.
So with the military occupation of Mexico the war is
not ended but now the cultural calumny is following.
[Jestrabek, web03]
[But what is right now? To me the "Christian"
glorification of wars in the whole world seems to me
the most dreadful sacrifice rite. How many persons
have died during wars for "Christianity" already? 200
million perhaps?]
The cultural holocaust against the Mexican natives
Since 1521 the complete
culture of the Aztecs
is systematically destroyed being called a "work of
the devil":
The clerics let destroy the Aztec culture
systematically. Old scriptures and cultural objects
were systematically destroyed by the priests calling
them "works of the devil". The quotations:
| <Der
militärischen Eroberung Mexikos folgte so
die kulturelle Demütigung. hierzu - und dies
war vor allem das Geschäft der Pfaffen -
wurde die aztekische Kultur planvoll
zerstört. Alte Schriften und Kultgegenstände
wurden von Priestern als "Werke des Teufels"
systematisch vernichtet.> |
|
|
<The
military conquest of Mexico was followed by
the cultural humiliation - and this was
above all the business of the clerics - the
Aztec culture was systematically destroyed.
All scriptures and cultural objects were
systematically destroyed by the priests
calling them "works of the devil.">
[Jestrabek, web03] |
And:
<Dabei
hatten die Azteken gar keinen persönlichen
Götterglauben. Sie straften sogar bisweilen
ihre göttlichen Symbole. Sie kannten nur
einen pantheistischen Glauben an
Natursymbole. Der zeitgenössische Azteke
Xokonoschtletl schreibt in seinem Buch
"Die wahre Geschichte der Azteken":
"Die christliche Religion wurde dem
mexikanischen Volk durch Vergewaltigung,
Terror und Mord aufgezwungen. Deshalb haben
die mexikanischen Oberhäupter ihrem Volk
geraten, den christlichen Glauben
vorzutäuschen - damit sie nicht weiterhin
gequält und von der heiligen Inquisition
ermordet wurden. Doch leider wurde mit der
Zeit vergessen, dass dieser Glaube aus
Schutz angenommen wurde - und so wurde er
zur Gewohnheit - die bis heute anhält."> |
|
|
<But the
Aztecs had not at all a personal belief in
gods. They were even punishing their holy
symbols of the gods sometimes. They only
knew a pantheistic belief to nature's
symbols. In his book of those times the
Aztec Xokonoschtletl is writing in
his book "The true history of the Aztecs":
"The Christian religion was enforced to the
Mexican people by rape, terror and murder.
Therefore the Mexican chiefs were giving the
advice to the population pretending a
Christian belief - so they would not be
tortured any more or murdered by the holy
inquisition. But unfortunately by the time
it was forgotten that this belief was only a
protection - and in this way it became a
habit - lasting until today.">
[Jestrabek, web03] |
Since 1521 most of native cultures are eradicated and
exterminated by the "Christian" Spaniards. Until today
there are only about 2 million
Maya natives in
Yucatán living with their traditional Maya clothes
speaking the old Maya language in their homes (Huby,
p.99).
Zapotecs in the valley of
Oaxaca were
"christianized" and are mostly catholic today. [A.
Baumann, web09]
During this cruel extermination action of the
catholics in Mexico Luther in Germany comes with his
new translation of the New Testament:
1521/1522:
Luther: New German Bible translation of the New
Testament (NT) the first time in German in a
"popular language"
This translation is made in the castle "
Wartburg"
in Thuringia in central Germany: Luther is saved from
"Christian" inquisition by
Frederick the Wise from
Saxonia. Luther is simply called a
"Junker
(squire) Jörg". In 1521 Luther is editing his
first theological scriptures about his own Lutheran
doctrine ("Loci communes") and in 1521 and 1522 he is
translating the New Testament according to the Greek
original text (DTV history atlas, vol. I, p.231).
[It can be admitted that the Pope did not take earnest
Mr. Luther - because there was a catholic world
dominance which was lethal for all others...]
And at the same time the Magellan expedition is on the
Moluccas:
November 1521
Magellan's expedition: Moluccas - hijacked
"Trinidad" or leaking "Trinidad"
The ship
"Trinidad" is hijacked by
the enemies of the Spanish, the Portuguese. Only the
ship
"Victoria" can escape and can load one
load of spices in
Timor and is heading back to
Europe home to
Spain with 47 Europeans ans
some natives. Until reaching the
"Cape of Good
Hope" 25 men are dying by scurvy (Huby, p.85).
or there is this version:
One of the last ships is leaking and cannot be saved
and has to be left thus the Magellan expedition is
only with one ship at the end called "Victoria" under
the captain
Del Cano for the trip home.
[Ossian: Magellan, web27]
1522
37.
Slave rebellion on
"Hispańola" and Cuba - Cortés becoming a governor
of Mexico - the fleet of France capturing the gold
of Mexico - expansion of "New Spain" under Cortés
- project of the occupation of Peru under Pizarro
- arrival of one ship of Magellan's fleet in Spain
"Hispańola"/Santo
Domingo:
There is a slave rebellion [Timeline: web33]
Cuba: There is a slave upheaval. [Jestrabek,
web03]
Spain, Mexico: Charles V is appointing Cortés
as a governor of
Mexico.
(Reinhard, vol.II, p.52)
Mexico-Spain-France: The Spanish fleet of
Charles V should bring the Aztec treasury to Spain,
the 20% which had been robbed in
Tenochtitlán
for him. French ships are capturing this treasury
following the order of the French king
Francis I
(Reinhard, vol.II, p.47).
Mexico: Under Cortés during 1522 (to 1529) the
Spanish troops and their allies are conquering the new
empire "New Spain" adding over 200,000 km
2
of land. The troops are conquering isolated
territories (enclaves) and neighboring peoples in the
north and in the south (Reinhard, vol.II, p.52).
Peru: There are rumors saying that Peru would
be a "fabulous gold land" called "birú" (Reinhard,
vol.II, p.55).
Francisco Pizarro is from a lower noble family
(called a "hidalgo" [a "junker" or "nobleman"]) and he
is coming from Cortés' family also (Cortés is a
cousin) - and this Mr. Pizarro has "great" goals:
Until these days he is involved in mining in
Panama
with
Balboas,
Davilas and
Diego de
Almagro. But now Pizarro wants to become a more
successful conquerer than Cortés, but he needs more
capital urgently for this and is making a group with
Davila
and a priest who is supported by
Gaspar de
Espinosa, a royal judge in
Santo Domingo
and a member in one of the important banker's families
of the Spanish Converso groups [Muslims having
converted to Christianity] (Reinhard, vol.II, p.55).
Magellan's expedition: The ship "Victoria" is
attacked near the
Cape Verde Islands by the
Portuguese. Only 18 Spaniards can escape. On Sep 6,
1522 the ship "Victoria" is reaching the Spanish
starting port of
San Lucar (Huby, p.85) with
one load of spices, under the captain
Sebastian de
Elcano and with 18 men of the origin crew
(Reinhard, vol.II, p.46).
Juan Sebastian de Elcano, sailor with Magellan [92]
Elcano is succeeding in bringing home one of the five
ships of Magellan's expedition to the starting port of
Sanlúcar
de Barrameda. This is the proof that Earth is
round. Evidence provided (DTV history atlas, vol.I,
p.225).
or:
On Sep 9 the ship "Victoria" is reaching the port of
Sevilla. [Ossian: Magellan, web27]
The last captain,
Juan
Sebastian del Cano, is writing to the Emperor
Charles
V about the successful completion of the
expedition (Huby, p.85).
Magellan: He was around the earth anyway
Also when Magellan was not coming back to Spain Magellan
has surrounded the earth. He was not making this during
one single journey. But on earlier journeys to India
Magellan had performed already the eastern way to
India
even reaching the heights of the
"Philippines".
Therefore Magellan had sailed around the world already
even more than that when he was killed.
Now the whites [stupid whites with imperialist
"Christian" belief] claimed they had detected "America"
and Magellan is one of the names being put on the top of
the list. He was opening the Pacific Ocean for new
"research" and trade. [Ossian: Magellan, web27]
since
1522
38.
Spain:
development of the "Conquista technique"
After
the occupation of Tenochtitlán - but also before
already - Spanish colonialists are performing a
certain technique of intimidation of the local
population which is becoming normal now, and this
tactic is applied by the conquerers "successfully"
(Reinhard, vol.II, p.58).
Additionally in Spain is made
propaganda for
looted goods in "West India" again and again
predicting what will be possible to be taken there.
Otherwise "colonization" would not work at all:
-- propaganda for "resources" in the country which
should be occupied is very important
-- also the names given to the locations there are
religious and capitalist key words like "rico" ["rich"],
"oro" ["gold"] or "plata" ["silver"] etc.
-- and showing natives in Spain or precious
products of the newly occupied countries the "mood for
conquest" can be risen more and more in Spain
(Reinhard, vol.II, p.58).
Tactic of the occupation in
"America": first to be a "liberator", then follows
the destruction of cultures, then follows the net of
towns, then follows the submission of any remnant of
resistance
-- first there are coalitions with
"allies" and the colonialists are considered as
liberators
-- then follows the collaboration with the loyal,
local mistresses and woman lovers who are adapting
into the colonial system without difficulties because
they are coming from the authoritarian tribal system
and there is no change for them concerning their
behavior
-- then the native ruler is taken as a hostage
being hijacked for extortions, this maneuver is "normal"
since Columbus, also the killing action at the end. With
this the systematic intimidation is performed and
completed.
Some "certain" conquerors are also applying torture,
cruelties and there are even murderous dogs manipulated
against humans for intimidation. And then comes the
destruction of the culture as a whole, and the
"Christian" net of towns is installed:
-- there is the systematic desecration of graves and
holy places for the individual enrichment and as a show
of strengh of the "Christian God"
-- and then the foundations of the towns with Spanish
law are following, this is the real completion of a
conquest with the "distribution" of territories and with
the enslavement of local tribes
-- then after the foundation of a Spanish town the
Spanish "city council" can just take the resolution for
new military campaigns and for new occupations
-- and later the Spanish crown - with the union with
Portugal - is even claiming the Papal claim for world
wide dominance. Equal rights with the local population
are never foreseen but are just excluded because of the
world dominance too (Reinhard, vol.II, p.58).
Also when for example in 1513 the Spanish Crown is
claiming in a "Warning" ("Requerimiento") that the order
is the "emancipation" of the natives, when the native
would convert and subdue (!) and only with resistance
against the conversion and surrender violence is
permitted, so this "emancipation" is never given because
the white is determinating what happens with the land
(Reinhard, vol.II, p.58).
[This tactic for conquering "America" is hardly
different from the tactic of the Third Reich for the
occupation of whole Europe, and also criminal "USA"
applied elements of it in Iraq and in Afghanistan -
above all the faked and criminal intimidation tactic].
39.
Robbery
and trade of gold and silver wold wide in about
1520. Scheme
Mr. Wolfgang Reinhard is showing
us in his book "History of European Expansion"
(original in German: "Geschichte der Europäischen
Expansion") vol.I on page 101 a scheme how the gold
and silver flow was developing with this new
"Christian" colonialism, without showing the death
toll of the native slaves of course...
Robbery
and trade of gold and silver world
wide around 1520, scheme by Michael
Palomino, November 2003 [93]
Gold is flowing from Mexico and from the
Antilles Island in the Caribbean for
free to the "Philippines" and to
Portugal. Gold is coming also almost for
free from Guinea in Africa to Portugal,
from Wangara it's flowing to the
Mediterranean and to Egypt and to Syria,
and it is flowing from eastern Sudan to
Egypt and to Syria. Gold is also flowing
more or less for free from Southeast
Africa, now to India, and from Portugal
and Syria one part of this gold is
reaching also India. Also from Persia
gold and silver are flowing to India.
Moluccas Islands are a gold center for
gold from Japan, Formosa, from the
"Philippines" and from Indonesia.
Moluccas gold is flowing also to India.
Europe only has silver and copper in
upper Germany, in Bohemia and in Hungary
which is flowing to Portugal and to
Egypt. Without racist colonialism Europe
would remain just very poor so...
from: Reinhard,
Wolfgang: History of European Expansion
(original in German: Geschichte der
Europäischen Expansion); vol.I, p.101;
edition W.Kohlhamer GmbH; Stuttgart,
Berlin, Cologne, Mayence (Mainz) 1985.
|
40.
History of
chocolate in "America", Africa and Europe
Cacao pods (fruits)
on a cacao tree [94]
Cacao tree (
Theobroma
Cacao) was created in South "America" and in
Mexico, and one of the first European "detecting" it
was Columbus.
[Bendicks, web22]
The first people enjoying cacao beverages were
Olmecs and Maya natives. Cacao beans were precious
and were even that precious that they were given as
a gift, e.g. for births or religious ceremonies. The
first white detectors stated that four cacao beans
were worth one pumpkin, 10 cacao beans were worth
one rabbit, and 100 cacao beans were worth a slave.
In 1502 Columbus brought cacao beans to Europe, but
he did not realize their value nor the value of
"xocolatl". The beverage with cacao, cinnamon, anise
and corn flour had not a good taste for them.
Ferdinand and Isabella called the beverage as a
"strange brewery of a tribe".
[Aztec Xocoatl, web23b]
or Cortés was the first?
Hernando Cortés was the first bringing cacao
beans to Europe where they were planted and mixed
with hot water for a beverage. This beverage was
considered as a luxury in Europe in the western
European royal courts, but it must have had a
dreadful taste. Extending the trade it was detected
that this tree is growing well also in western
Africa, above all in
Nigeria, Ghana, and in
Ivory Coast. The local cacao plantations
there were such a success that these regions are
producing two thirds of the whole world wide harvest
today yet.
There is above all concerning the taste a big
difference between cacao beans from western Africa
ad from western India. Beans from western India
normally have a tender fruit's taste and are used
for chocolates in forms of bars which are eaten as
such. Beans from western Africa are used for
producing chocolate which is used as a cover for
other materials like bonbon chocs or for cakes. By
these reasons the chocolate beans from western India
are normally more expensive than the others.
Cacao tree can grow up to a height of 48 feet. In
plantations there is normally a cut with 20 feet so
the pods and fruits can be harvested with long
sticks without using a ladder. The pods are coming
directly from the stem, or from the thick branches
of the tree. Cacao tree is blooming the whole year
long and there are 10,000s of pale rose pink
odorless flowers. Only some of these flowers are
developing the fruits and pods then which are 20cm
long and up to 20cm thick having the form of a rugby
ball. [Bendicks, web22]
Chocolate makes living:
(Text in
German:
<Über den Kakao heißt es in der
ťEncyclopédieŤ, daß er heiß macht –
Diderot stand voll in der Tradition der
Humoralpathologie, die schon Galenos im
zweiten nachchristlichem Jahrhundert
propagierte und in dessen Lehren jede
Nahrung einen festen Platz und
Auswirkungen auf die Psyche hatte.
Übrigens: Schokolade kommt von chokola’j,
ťdas gemeinsame KakaotrinkenŤ.>) |
|
|
Translation:
<About cacao there is told in the
"Encyclopédie" that it is making hot -
Diderot was fully in the tradition of
humoral pathology which was propagated by
Galenos already in the second century
after Christ. In his doctrines every food
had it's firm place with effects on the
mind. Additionally one has to know that
the word "Chocolate" comes from chokola'j
which means "drinking chocolate in a group
commonly".>
|
[Potato
history, web35]
|
The first commercial cacao loads were coming from
Veracruz
(Mexico) to
Sevilla in 1585. The preparation
was secret until 1706 when the chocolate beverage
was introduced in
Italy and was spread from
there also in
France. In this way the
beverage became popular, chocolate houses were
opening in whole Europe and in the "United States"
chocolate was produced in 1765 the first time.
In 1828
C.J. Van Houten was inventing the
chocolate press. Thus the price for chocolate was
falling considerably. But until 1879 chocolate could
be bought only as beans or as a beverage. Only
Rudolf
Lindt was inventing the bar of chocolate which
can melt on the tongue. During the First World War
producers from the "U.S.A2 invented chocolate
bonbons for the army. [Chocolate's History, web23a]
September 1522
41.
Luther's "September
Bible", Luther German, and protestant schooling
In Wittenberg in Germany Luther is editing now an
alternative "September Bible" and by new kind of
writing and by the distribution of this work Luther is
becoming the creator of the new high German written
language. Wittenberg and it's university
become a center of the reformation, the "German Rome".
In catholic German territories Luther's German should
prevail only during the 18th century.
Next to Luther were others working in Wittenberg,
among others
oo Johannes Bugenhagen: writer of evangelic
church and school laws
oo Georg Spalatin: juridic assist of the
elector ("Kurfürst")
oo Lukas Cranach: painter
oo Philipp Melanchthon.
Luther was working on with his translation now also
with the Old Testament (DTV history atlas vol.I,
p.231).
[It seems that the Pope did not take anything serious
what Luther and the protestants are doing - until
today...]
1522
42.
Spanish military
campaigns against Maya natives and the destruction
of the Aztec culture in Mexico - "Christian" Mexico
During the next seven years (1522-1528) Cortés is
spending his time creating peace between natives in
Mexico and managing mines and farm land:
<Cortez spent the next seven years establishing peace
among the Indians of Mexico and developing mines and
farmlands.> [Ossian: Cortés, web24]
Maya people was extremely developed
(original in
German:
<Die Mayas waren ein ausserordentlich weit
entwickeltes Kulturvolk. Sie hatten eine
entwickelte Mathematik- Schrift und Astronomie
mit einem exakten Kalender. Sie wussten um die
Standorte der Sonne und Gestirne. Dies
spiegelte sich in der Architektur wie z.B. in
der bekannten Kukulkans-Pyramide
wieder. 400 Jahre nach deren Errichtung wäre Galileo
in Europa fast wegen seiner Erkenntnisse
verbrannt worden.
Zudem waren sie [die Mayas] Meister des
Feldbaus. Sie legten Bewässerungskanäle und
Terrassenbeete an. Das dichtbesiedelte
vorkolumbianische Mittel-"Amerika"
(schätzungsweise lebten rund 60 Millionen
Menschen hier) hatte das Ernährungsproblem
gelöst. Zu dieser Zeit - als in Europa neun
Bauern einen Nichtbauern ernähren mussten -
setzte die agrarische Bemühung eines einzigen
Mittel-"Amerikaners" 20 Kräfte von der
Feldarbeit frei.> |
|
|
Translation:
<Maya natives were an extremely developed
cultural people. They had a developed
mathematic research - they had scripture and
astronomy with an exact calendar. They knew
about the places of sun and stars. This was
even reflected in their architecture as for
example with the well known pyramid of
Kukulkan. 400 years after it's
construction Galileo in Europe had
almost been burnt for his science.
Additionally they [the Maya natives] were
master of agriculture. They were installing
irrigation channels and terraces. It is
estimated that in Central "America" before
Columbus times good 60 million people were
living here and this population was dense and
they had to solve their nutrition problem with
terraces. In those times - when in Europe nine
farmers had to nourish one non-farmer - the
work of one farmer in Middle "America" was
giving food for 20 people working in other
sectors.> [Jestrabek, web03] |
Mass baptisms in Mexico
Mexico is hispanized by
mass baptisms.
For being taught with the "true belief" the most
important element was the
forced mission. The
priests already - who were accompanying the conquerers -
were making their propaganda having baptized within one
year (
1522) 233,264 natives. Another priest is
indicating that he had performed only in 1525 400,000
baptisms. Such involuntary mass baptism - being hold in
a foreign language - had hardly any deep effect to the
affected. The procedure was like this:
-- the natives were shown a picture of Maria
-- then there is a short baptism ceremony
-- and that is the conversion.
Additionally the new "coreligionists" are expelled and
killed fast - so they go "to heaven" - that there hardly
had been any long lasting effect of such a conversion.
Alexander
von Humboldt was writing about Mexico at the
beginning
of the 19th century that "natives would know only
the outer form of the religion". [Jestrabek, web03]
Sources about Aztecs: originals and scriptures after
the occupation
Antje Baumann tells us:
(original in
German:
<Die Azteken kannten keine Aufzeichnungen
in unserem Sinne (Texte in geschriebener
Sprache). Sie benutzten "Bilderbücher", die
sogenannten Codices in meist
naturalistischer Bildtechnik. In den
Faltbüchern wurden religiöse Gesänge,
Zeremonialtexte, Chroniken und Erzählungen,
Sitten und Gebräuche und vor allem die
Geschichte der Indianer Meso-"Amerikas"
dargestellt.
Die meisten Faltbücher wurden von den Spaniern
zerstört. Aus ganz Mexiko sind nur 14 Codices
von vor der spanischen Besetzung erhalten
geblieben. Die meisten befinden sich in
europäischen [!] Museen und Bibliotheken.>)
|
|
|
Translation:
<The Aztecs did not know a scripture like
us (texts in a written language). But they
used "picture books", the so called "codices"
with a naturalist picture technique. In those
books with folded pages were depicted
religious songs, ceremonial texts,
chronologies and stories, rites and customs
and above all the story of the natives of Meso
"America".
Most of these folded books were destroyed by
the Spaniards. From whole Mexico only 14
codices have been saved from the Spanish
occupation. Most of them can be found in
European [!] museums and libraries.>
[A.Baumann, web06]
|
Only about 12 picture books were not destroyed by the
Spanish conquerers (Reinhard, vol.II, p.26).
Additionally after the occupation there are reports in
Nahuatl
and in
Spanish:
There are anonymous works:
-- a manuscript of Tlatelolco
-- Codex Cuauhtitlán.
And there are scriptures of successors from old leading
classes:
-- by
Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc (Mexico)
-- by
Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl of Tezcoco
-- by early missioners
-- by
Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (1499-1590)
(Reinhard, vol.II, p.26)
The work of Fray Bernardino de
Sahagún
Antje Baumann tells us:
(Original in
German:
<Durch den Franziskanerpater Bernardino de
Sahagun wissen wir, wie die Faltbücher
hergestellt und interpretiert wurden. Er
rettete die Faltbücher, die der spanischen
Zerstörungswut entgehen konnten. Sahagun hatte
indianische Helfer, die Informationen über den
Inhalt der zerstörten Faltbücher sammelten.
Dieses Wissen wurde dann in neuen Codicen
festgehalten, wie z.B. im Codex Florentino.
Neben den Bildern kann man dort auch spanische
Anmerkungen finden.>)
|
|
|
Translation:
<By the Franciscan priest Bernardino de
Sahagun we know how the folded books were
produced and interpreted. He was saving the
folded books which were not destroyed by the
Spanish vandalism. Sahagun had native assists
who were collecting the informations about the
content of the destroyed folded books. This
wisdom was collected in new reports (codices)
as for example in the Florentine Codex (Codex
Florentino). Next to the pictures one can find
also Spanish remarks there.> [A.Baumann,
web06] |
Mexico: The "new capital" of Mexico
In 1521
the new capital of Mexico City is found on the ruins of
the old Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán on an island in
the Lake Texcoco. This town is developing itself to a
cultural and political center of the Viceroyalty of New
Spain and is extending today over the surface of the
almost completely dried lake (DTV lexicon, vol.12,
p.82-83).
[The base of Mexico City is mud of the lake and
therefore the heavy stony houses are always sinking on
and on provoking heavy damages with buildings,
canalization etc. Churches are sinking, sometimes whole
districts are sinking so canalizations are draining
backwards suddenly and so on. And smog is crazy in
Mexico City because of the position in the basin].
Where was the Aztec main square before is the center of
the new town of Mexico called
"Zócalo" [in
English:
socket] (also called Plaza de la
Constitución [English: Constitution Square]),
-- with a baroque cathedral with two towers (built in
1573-1667 [is sinking])
-- and next to it is the church
"Sagrario
Metropolitano" (built in 1749-1769, with a rich
facade in a Churri style [also sinking])
-- with a
National Palace (Palacio Nacional,
built at the end of the 17th century and rebuilt several
times), and there is the city hall (Palacio Municipal)
erected in 1720-1724).
In the surroundings there are more houses, palaces and
churches in the Spanish colonial style (La Merced, Santo
Domingo, San Francisco) on the base of former Aztec
ruins.
In the north of it there is the
"Three Cultures
Square" ("Plaza de las Tres Culturas"), the center
of a modern residential district where a 8 km long
avenue is beginning going up the hills, the "Reformation
Way" ("Paseo de la Reforma") (DTV lexicon, vol.12,
p.83).
[DTV works are showing one more time their unilateral
view of "Christian" culture. Who for devil's sake is
preparing and transporting the masses of heavy stones
for all these gorgeous buildings? How much slavery and
death is in these churches?]
1523
43.
French-Italian
alliance for an own "western way" - Huaxtecs
remain undefeated - destruction of the Maya
culture under Alvarado in Guatemala - first
Spanish expedition in Peru is failing [using the
country road]
Florentine merchants from
Lyon are interested
in a direct silk trade with
China. The French
king
Francis I is presented one of the sailors
who should be able to "realize" this:
Giovanni da
Verazzano, an aristocrat from Tuscany.
->> Verazzano is given the mandate for searching
for the western way in the name of France (Reinhard,
vol.II, p.47).
Giovanni da Verazzano [95]
In Mexico Mr. Cortés becomes a
governor and "general captain" of New Spain. [Encarta: Cortés, web26]
But there is a stubborn tribe in Mexico not being
defeated. Data of Antje Baumann tell us:
Mexico: The belligerent Huaxtecs who
could not be defeated by the Aztecs completely can
also defend themselves against any Spanish occupation
successfully and therefore they can save their
"culture". They are living at the hillsides of a "Mother's
Eastern Mountain Range" ("Sierra Madre Oriental").
Considering the findings, shells and weapons there is
the conclusion that they had contact with tribes at
the southern margin of the today's "U.S.A.". [A.
Baumann, web08]
Holocaust against the Maya natives
In Guatemala there is another Spanish
colonialism working under the leadership of Pedro
de Alvarado 1523-1527: The bases of the Maya
culture are destroyed. [Jestrabek, web03]
|
|
Map with the
position of Guatemala between Mexico and El
Salvador [96,97]
|
The town of "Palenque" ["enclosure"]: The
original Maya name of the town is not known. The name
"Palenque" is given by the Spaniards with an allusion
of a wooden fence which is around the houses of the
natives. [A.Baumann, web11b]
And now the big Spanish destruction is going on South
"America":
Panama and Peru
In 1523
Pizarro is hearing rumors about a big
and rich native empire in the south. Pizarro is
organizing two friends forming an expedition for the
occupation of the land. The soldier
Diego de
Almagro is providing the equipment, and the vice
bishop of
Panama is responsible for the
financial matters.
The first trial of Pizarro for an occupation of Peru
is ending after two years [using the country road] in
a disaster and plight.
See Ossian's text:
<In 1523, hearing of a vast and wealthy Indian
empire to the south, Pizarro enlisted the help of two
friends to form an expedition to explore and conquer
the land. A soldier named Diego de Almagro provided
the equipment, and the vicar of Panama, Hernando de
Luque, furnished the funds. A first expedition
resulted in disaster after two years of suffering and
hardship.> [Ossian: Pizarro, web29]
Pizarro, portrait [98]
1524
44.
French search for a western
way in North "America" without success - Sevilla
becoming a monopoly port - Da Gama dying in India -
Spanish occupation of Quiche natives - Alvarado
becoming a nobleman - Pizarro's first expedition to
Peru on the sea - Cortés occupying Honduras
French search for a "western way": The expedition
under
Verazzano is following the French order
searching the whole coast line of north "America" for
finding a passage to
Asia. There is the result
that there cannot be found any passage up to the region
of
Nova Scotia (Reinhard, vol.II, p.47).
Later [?] Verazzano is slained to death during a
stopover on the Little Antilles Islands during a trip to
South "America" and then he is [allegedly] eaten
(Reinhard, vol.II, p.47).
This indication seems very strange. Because during this
time there were no natives any more on the Antilles
Islands...
Spain: Sevilla is becoming a monopoly port for
"Western India" and the seat of the "Indian Council",
the central administration board for administration,
right and church in the occupied overseas territories
(DTV history atlas, vol.I, p.225).
[But the reality is another one: This Indian Council has
hardly any power and cannot stop at all the "wild"
Spanish conquerers].
Portugal: Da Gama is sent to India with the title
of a
"Viceroy of India" and he is ordered to
fight corruption and abuse in the royal government. He
is dying in the same year yet in
Cochin on Dec
24, 1524.
Ossian's text:
<Five years later he was sent to India as viceroy,
charged with the task of reforming abuses in the
colonial government. He died within a few months at
Cochin, India, on Dec. 24, 1524.> [Ossian: Gama,
web30]
Mexico: Spanish occupation of the capital of the
Quiche natives.
(Antje Baumann: mesoamerika/maya-allgemein.htm (1999;
2014 cannot be found any more).
Spain: Pedro de Alvarado going to Spain
Pedro de Alvarado, who was an Aztec leader before and
who is a hispanized leader now, who had occupied
Guatemala
for the Spanish Crown, is going to Spain:
->> he is separating from his wife
Luisa
Xicontécatl
->> he is marrying into the Spanish high nobility
+ and he is winning the favor of the Emperor's secretary
Mr. Francisco de los Cobos
+ he is appointed a governor and general captain of
Guatemala.
Alvarado is coming back to Guatemala to Central
"America" as a ruler (Reinhard, vol.II., p.53).
Pedro de Alvarado, ruler of Guatemala
[99]
Peru: In the same year there is a first
Spanish "expedition trip" under Pizarro by
ship...
(Reinhard, vol.II, p.55)
Holocaust in Honduras
1524(-1526)
Honduras is suffering the Spanish occupation
under Cortés "for making order under the sent
conquerors."
 |
Map with the
position of Honduras between Guatemala and
Nicaragua [100] |
The bride of Cortés,
Dońa Marina / Malintzin, is
left home in Mexico and is married there with a Spanish
knight, because Cortés has "higher goals" than being
married with a native woman (Reinhard, vol.II, p.53).
According to Dr. Nancy Fitch this
Mrs. Malinche /
Dońa Marina did favor the Spanish side during the
quarrels with the other cultures, also in
Peru.
Malinche / Dońa
Marina
|
 |
 |
|
Depictions of
Malinche / Dońa marina, important translator
for Cortés in Mexico, later also in Peru
[101]
From the Florentine Codex of Fray Bernardino
de Sahagún
|
1525
45.
World wide trade net
of the Fugger family - Francis I is detained by
Charles V - Spanish Moluccas journeys failing -
Spanish expedition under Gomez to the coast lines
of North "America" - breakdown of the last Aztec
resistance and mass baptisms - Spanish subjugation
of Guatemala - Incas under Huascar - Spanish
"foundations of towns" in Panama -
Christianization in Mexico under the Franciscan
Olmos - beginning of systematic slave trade
Europe:
Anton Fugger is actively involved in world wide trade
with merchant's licenses in
Chile, Peru, and
Moscow
(DTV history atlas, vol.I, p.215).
Anton Fugger, portrait [102]
portrait of a racist and patron of the arts during
early "Christian" colonialism
Europe: The decision in the first war between
Francis I and Charles V is in the
battle near Pavia with a victory of the
Spanish and German soldiers (Pescara, Frundsberg).
Francis I is detained (DTV history atlas, vol.I,
p.237).
Pavia
|
Pavia: bridge over Ticino River [103]
|
Map with the position of Pavia [104]
Here in Pavia was the battle field between
the two noble fools Charles V and Francis I.
Deads and injured are not cited in the
reports. This is the "Christian" kind of
rite... [104]
|
Spain-Mexico-Moluccas:
The Spanish trial of repeating a journey to the
Moluccas Islands is failing. The Spanish trial to
reach the Moluccas Islands from Mexico
is failing too (Reinhard, vol.II, p.46).
|
Map with the "Pacific"
between Mexico and the "Philippines" and
Maluccas Islands [105]
The connection between
Mexico (right) and the "Philippines" and the
Moluccas Islands (left below) is the next
goal of Spanish capitalist colonialism
[105].
|
North "America": There
is an expedition under captain Estévan Gomez along the
complete coast line between Maine and Saint
Lawrence River (Reinhard, vol.II, p.48).
Mexico: Collapse of the Aztec resistance.
[A.Baumann, web07]
Mexico: "Christians" are going on with more
mass baptisms. [Jestrabek, web03]
And people being watched by secret practicing of
"superstition" will be hanged as a bad example.
"Christians" installed their dictatorship with
inquisition and spying without end for this.
[Chuchiak, web36]
Guatemala: Spanish occupation of the highlands
of Guatemala
(DTV lexicon, vol.11, p.332)
[with the surrender of all other Maya natives,
cultural destruction and forced relocation forming
villages, therefore more illnesses are provoked next
to all the virus and forced labor which the Spaniards
were preparing for the natives in those times...]
| Mayas in
Guatemala |
Maya natives in Guatemala: mother and child
with a traditional dress
|
Maya natives in Guatemala: child with a
traditional dress
|
Maya natives in Guatemala: boy selling
articrafts in the street
|
[106]
|
Peru, Inca: Beginning
of the government of Huascar. [A. Baumann,
web10]
Panama: Around 1525 five new Spanish towns are
"founded" in Panama (Reinhard, vol.II, p.49-50).
Mexico: A short time after the occupation of
the Huaztec territory the colonization process
of "New Spain" is also going on here. Aztec Oxitipa
is in the hands of Cortés and Nuńo de Guzmán.
"Christianization" of the Huaztec territory is
performed under Franciscan "brother" Andrés de
Olmos.
Since 1525 there is a systematic slave trade
installed between Africa and "America".
[Jestrabek, web03]
[For this slave trade was only one reason: The natives
of Central and South "America" were partly
exterminated already. And there were also
geographically no limits any ore because the coast
lines between Africa and "America" were known now just
very precisely and the coast lines were long enough so
every European colonial power got a place for a
military base there].
1525: world map of
Salviati with eastern coast lines of South
"America"
World map of Salviati
with eastern coast lines of South "America" [107]
1526
46.
New war between
Charles V and Francis I - Spanish settlements in
North "America" - defense of Maya natives on
Yucatán peninsula - second expedition at the
Peruvian coast line under Pizarro - Luther's
"German Mass", pastors are allowed to have
children - Spanish expedition at "Silver River"
("Rio de la Plata") - Parana and Paraguay River
Europe:
Francis I has to give up territories in the
"peace of Milan": Milan, Genoa, the duchy
of Burgundy and Naples.
Francis I is liberated, then he is revoking the
conditions of the peace agreement and is making a
coalition with the Pope Clement VII, with Milan,
with Florence, and with Genoa, forming
the "Holy League of Cognac" provoking a second
war against Spain (DTV history atlas vol.I, p.237).
North "America": Spanish expeditions are
leaving Hispańola for installing settlements
in the today's North Carolina but these
settlements are not existing for a long time
(Reinhard, vol. II, p.47).
Yucatán 1526 (-1545): Francisco de Montejo
concluded a treaty with Spain for the occupation of
the Yucatan Peninsula. But the surrender is not going
on as fast as awaited because the autonomous Maya
states are organizing it's defense each and strongly
against the intruders (Reinhard, vol.II, p.54). .
Peru: During
his second expedition Pizarro is capturing a trade
raft and is visiting the town of
Tumbes.
->> now Pizarro gets the impression of richness
which can be plundered
->> 3 natives are detained and educated as
translators and interpreters (Reinhard, vol.II, p.55)
->> Pizarro is sending
Almagro back to
Panama
for organizing reinforcement. Pizarro himself and a
part of the group can maintain the occupation of an
island
->> instead of sending more help for more fights
Almagro is sending more ships for a coming home of the
expedition. But Pizarro is rejecting any return and
now he is putting the ask of confidence finding 13
people who want to fight with him
->> and the rest of Pizarro's expedition gets a
ship of Almagro. Now Pizarro is going on "searching"
the coast line of Peru. [Ossian: Pizarro, web29]
Luther: Luther is inventing the
"German
mass" in German language as a first base for an
evangelic divine service. Pastors are allowed to marry
and are allowed to have children (DTV history atlas
vol.I, p.235).
Spain is undertaking an expedition from 1526 to
1529 under
Sebastiano Caboto at the
"Silver
River" ("Rio de la Plata"), at
Parana River
and at
Paraguay River (Huby, p.58).
Caboto is searching for a passage to the Pacific and
is searching the rivers "Rio de la Plata", Parana
River and Paraguay River. The whole expedition is
lasting about three years and the sailors cannot find
any passage "for India". [Ossian: Cabot, web32]
Sebastiano Caboto, Spanish colonialist in Brazil and
Argentina [116]
|
1526: world map of Franciscus
Monachus
Here
one can see the thesis of a broad
continental connection between "America" and
Asia [117]
|
1526: world map of Juan Vespucci
Here one can see the thesis of a broad
continental connection between "America" and
Asia [118]
|
Epilogue
Did anybody say anything about compensation?
Did Vatican give a compensation to the natives some
times?
With a trip and an "excuse" this holocaust is not
compensated...
This American Holocaust and all cultural destruction
is finding it's continuation: in Peru.
The rifle of the white man is shooting free it's
way...
and all humans who are not wearing clothes are not
considered as human beings...
[34]
[35]
