The scholar Hunain ibn Ishak - crucial
falsifications in translations
Hunain ibn Ishak was what today would be called a
scientific publisher and editor. He died in 873 and
inherited a significant heritage of antique authors to
the world. He was one of the great Arab scientists,
but not a [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim one. [...]
Hunain ibn Ishak (808-873) came from al-Hira in
southern Mesopotamia. His father was a pharmacist, the
son wanted to become a doctor and by this came to
Baghdad. He attended the lectures of a certain Mr.
Juhana ibn Masawahai which was also a Syrian [[Jesus
Fantasy]] christian and a personal medical doctor of
the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] caliph. Teaching material
were the normal Greek authors, especially the famous
medical doctor Galen from Pergamon. By some reason
(there are indications that he was too impertinent)
Hunain was kicked out from the lectures by his teacher
and then a migration followed [p.158] visiting
different towns, probably also [[Jesus Fantasy]]
Byzantium. After six years he came back to Baghdad
beginning with translations of scientific standard
works from Antique into Arab or into other languages
ordered by clients. He masterfully mastered ancient
and all common regional languages. Due to his medical
education, he had the best conditions for
subject-specific translations, but his spectrum
encompassed the entire sciences of that time. One
time, he sent one of his works in an anonymous way to
his former teacher Ibn Masawahai.
"The one who produced it must have been supported by
the [[Fantasy]] Holy Spirit!", he is said to have
proclaimed deeply impressed.
[Translations and forgeries of translator Hunain
ibn Ishak: "Gods" become "God", "angels", "saints" -
and new Arab creations]
Hunain became a very busy man so hewas instructing his
son and his nephew as translators for standard texts.
He himself was working with the scientific main work.
This work began with the finding of old manuscripts.
There were numerous incomplete works to have,
fragments in different languages, or from different
copyists. When Hunain had gathered certain material,
he went on comparing it. He knew very well of course
that manuscripts contained mistakes: in writing, in
translation, there were forgeries. On the base of his
comparisons he then made the best possible
translation. He made his own register of translations,
his catalogue (which was found only in 1918). He had
the specific habit to translate and rename the
"ancient gods" [[extraterrestrials]] in the texts as
"One [[Fantasy]] God", [[Fantasy]] "angel" or
[[Fantasy]] "saints".
Unlike others, he did not content himself with the
Greek terminology, but created Arabic words for it.
And he ordered extra-heavy paper in Sarkand where
Chinese paper production tecnique was known. His works
were rated with silver in the meantime. [...]
[Links:
--Hunain
ibn Ishak
- Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]
Thabit ibn Kurra (born 834): a
philosopher against the neo-modern Fantasy God
[Religious diversity is standard]
"Who installed the ports and channels, who
revealed the secret sciences? To whom the deity has
revealed, to whom [p.159] the oracle was given and
future topics were taught when not to the wise among
the non-believers? They studied everything, they
explained the healing of the souls and they
presented their salvation, they also searched the
healing of the body, and they fulfilled the world
with wisdom, with the most important virtue."
The person wrigint this was a non-believer: the Sabian
[85]
[85] Saban: Follower of a
Babylonian-Chaldean star cult
Thabit ibn Kurra, born in 834 in Harran in today's
eastern Turkey. And he was a convinced non-believer
(pagan). When he was discussing with followers of the
newly upcoming religion an then they put the all
mighty of [[a Fantasy]] God in the center, he
countered with the question:
"Can your [[Fantasy]] God also effect that
five times five is not twenty-five?"
For him, the new fashion of [[only one Fantasy]] God
could only have the power over the creatures in the
best case, but not over the creation itself. He
himself was a creature. Their belief had the old
Babylonic star cult as it's root, modified with the
influence of Greek antique manner of thinking. All
prophets worshipped the Sabians, wise men knowing
about the past, with them also Greek philosophers
[86].
[86] One can see, in the 9th century yet
there was a variety of religions existing in the
empire of the so called Caliphs. [[Muhammad
Fantasy]] Islam was not at all the established,
dominating religion yet.
A traditional motto was: "Plato said: whoever is
recognizing himself becomes divine." [87]
[87] This was the inscription at the door
knocker of a Sabian house in Harran (after
al-Masudi).
[Ibn Kurra becomes a government assist (consultant)
and an astronomer]
Passing the town of Harran, a high-ranking personality
became aware of the educated Sabian taking him to
Baghdad. This high-ranking personality was more a
dilettant in science. Thabit now was writing tractates
in his name and became something like a free staff
member for astronomic questions in Hunain's cultural
business. Later he was accepted in the circle of court
astronomers and he became a confidant and close friend
of the ruler al-Mutatid.
Without exception all important scientists and
philosophers were staff members at court at least for
some time. A carreer was not possible in another way
at that time. Thabit was perfectly mastering the Greek
language, he was occupies with philosophy,
mathematics, and medicine. Among [p.160] others, he
left us a book on the questions of the medical doctor
to the ill patients. He meant that behind the name of
"Hippocrates" in fact four authors had to be. But as a
Sabian, his focus was astronomy. Among others, he was
fascinated by the little differences of lenght of the
years. Coming from the Ptolemaic system, he assumed a
slight movement of the fixed star sphere, the so
called trepidation which also found its way yet with
Copernicus. Thabit is mentioned as Thebit in the
"Parzival" of Wolfram von Eschenbach. He died in 901.
[Links:
-- Thabit
ibn Kurra
- Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]
Ar-Razi: medical doctor Muhamad ibn
Zakarija ar-Razi (born 865 in Rajj / Tehran) -
translations - religion is troublemaking
[Ar-Razi with medicine - the great translation
"Liber Continens" of 1486 in Brescia]
There is another medical capacity to report, beginning
as a musician as a lute player: Muhamad ibn Zakarija
ar-Razi, born in 865 in Rajj, today's Tehran. We don't
know much about his biography, but we know that he was
a hospital manager in Bagdad and in Rajj, and he was a
good friend of the local Emir al-Mansur ibn Ishak. But
his professional heritage is great, ar-Razi was the
greatest clinician in the Arab world, and he was well
known in Europe under the name "Rhazes".
He dedicated a medical encyclopedia to his patron
Mansur. The Latin translation of Chapter 9, which is
very popular in Europe, was called "Liber Nonus
Almansurus" [English: "The ninth book of al-Mansur"].
It contained a remedy guide, assigned to the
individual diseases from head to toe, and was even
available in some European popular languages.
Another treatise - which was very famous in Europe -
concerned measles and smallpox, which was printed even
in England in the 18th century [88].
[88] Ar-Razi: About smallpox and measles;
German reprint and translation by K. Opitz; Leipzig
1911
(original German: Über die Pocken und Masern;
Deutscher Nachdruck und Übersetzung von K. Opitz;
Leipzig 1911)
When he died in 925, he left to ar-Razi a huge amount
of Greek excerpts on clinical cases being completed
with own observations and experience. This heritage
was systematically rearranged by his scholars and was
edited and printed in 1486 in Brescia with it's title
"Liber Continens" [English: "Collected Edition"], all
in all two huge volumes (tomes).
As every famous medical doctor of that time, Rhazes
had also a big philosophic wisdom because philosophy
was [p.161] in big parts the base for his medical
theories. Greek philosophers and Hippocrates [89] and
Galen [90] were very familiar to him.
[89] Hippocrates of Kos,
physician, circa 460-370 BC.
[90] [Galen]: Roman
physician, 129-216 AD; together with Hippocrates the
most important physician of antiquity.
Rhazes proved a great deal of independent thinking,
but he never brought any innovations without honoring
respect to the great Galen:
"In fact, it has been painful for me to
rebel against the one who has overwhelmed me most
with all the benefits and was the most helpful in
guiding me through whom I have followed, step by
step. But medicine is a philosophy that cannot
accept any stand still. " [91]
[91] In contrast, there was a medical
doctor Avicenna (Persian physician and scholar) was
mentioning Galen with bad comments at every
opportunity.
While Galen believed that the soul was dependent on
the constitution of the body, Rhazes said that the
physical condition was determined by the soul. The
practical consequence of this was that he [[Rhazes]]
advised the medical doctors to always encourage the
patient, even if they were not sure of their own
cause.
[Ar-Razi with philosophy: atomic matter, [[a
Fantasy]] God, world soul, space, time - [[a
Fantasy]] prophet Moses, [[a Fantasy]] Jesus and [[a
Fantasy]] Muhammad are rejected as troublemakers]
Also in philosophy, ar-Razi was going his own path.
Following Democritus, he assumed that matter is of
atomic matter (earth, fire, air, and water). Next to
that, he put [[a Fantasy]] God, a [[Fantasy]] world
soul, an absolute space, and an absolute time, he saw
the Cosmos also in a multidimensional way. The
[[Fantasy]] Creator of the [[fantasy]] Bible and of
the [[Fantasy]] Quran were only added and were not
really powerful. Prophets were recognized by
Rhazes as necessary mediators of the substance of
[[the Fantasy]] God and of mankind, but he did not
recognize "the three deceivers of Moses, Jesus and
Muhammad" [92],
[92] This is a saying which provoked many
discussions. May be this saying is not from ar-Raiz
himself, but he was stating it and made it popular.
who had only spread discord. His [[Muhammad Fantasy]]
"Imam" (he used this expression) is Socrates.
Does speak a [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim in that way
how this ar-Razi is always taken for granted?
Rhazes died in 925, in his last years he was blind
[p.162].
[Links:
-- ar-Razi
- Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.) ]
Al-Farabi: philosopher in Aleppo -
religion is an invention - the ideal state etc.
Al-Farabi was "only" a scientist, mainly an
interpreter of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers,
to whom he added his own variation. He was separating
consciously medicine from philosophy because it would
be it's [the medicine's] purpose to provoke a change
in fact in the body, but it [medicine] had nothing to
do with finding the truth.
The word "Al-Farabi" just means "The one from Farab",
that's a town of today's Kazakhstan where he was born
in 870. Farabi may have been an Ethnic Kazakh. Reports
state that he never considered clothes as important
always walking around in a shabby Kazakh caftan. From
his youth times little is known. Only this: he was on
the way to the Persian Harran in young years already,
and then heading for Baghdad where he was instructed
by [[Jesus Fantasy]] teachers. Most of his time he
spent here, during the last part of his life he went
to Aleppo in Syria to the court of Emir Saif al-Daula.
For a short time he went to Cairo and after coming
back to Syria he died soon in 950. [[Muhammad
Fantasy]] clergy demonstrativel rejected the
partidipation at his funeral.
There were good reasons for this: because Farabi was
teaching many things that could not please to the
[[Muhammad Fantasy]] imams, whereas he was always
eager for a balance between philosophy and religion.
But his main work was a further development with his
Aristotle. He presented the world as continuous unity:
their origin was [[a Fantasy]] God, but not as a
creator as it was considered in [[Muhammad Fantasy]]
Quran and in the [[Moses+Jesus Fantasy]] Bible, but as
a non personificated source of being. It [[this source
of being]] is the source of movement flowing out, the
so called emanation, of which the lower levels thank
their existence. The lowest level of hierarchy is
forming the matter into which man is entangled. Man
can reach higher worlds only by thinking, by mystical
absorption or by death. The noblest task of man is to
become one a unity by conceiving the world and the
universe with the universal intelect. But this luck is
achievable only for some few - and for the rest,
religion is made [93].
[93] Similarly, Ibn Ruschd formulated it
with his "two truths".
Farabi considered religion as an artificial product,
but as a necessity for the majority of people [p.163].
In this way of thinking, he designs an ideal state.
Similarly to Plato, he demands a philosophical king,
but with a prophet as assist, for giving orders to the
state's population where only little sense of reason
exists.
His philosophy is anti-religious, but he provides
clergymen for everyday practice who should have
influence to the uneducated mass.
Al-Farabi was not on stage like the others, but he
preferred to spend his time in the garden by the pond.
[Links:
-- Al-Farabi
- Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]
Ibn al-Haitham: Dam project on Nile
River fails - translations - physics - optics and
astronomy with experiments - book burning by Muslims
965 was the year of birth of a certain Ibn al-Haitham,
who should be known in Europe under the name
"Alhazen". He came from Basra and first started a
civil service career as a state's staff member.
However, he gave it soon up devoting himself to
scientific studies in Baghdad and Persia. Some day,
the counter Caliph in Cairo became aware of him, and
when Alhazen uttered the possibility of damming the
Nile River getting a total year irrigation on the
fields, he was called to Egypt for being the manager
of the project. The group with it's equipment was
going the Nile River upwards for this dam project. But
soon came doubts comparing the old Egyptian monuments
along the river. When those people who had built these
monuments could not have installed a dam, how should
he success? In Assuan where is the dam of today, he
found the suitable place, but he had to realize soon
that this project was not possible. Without installing
a dam he returned to Cairo and could be happy to
survive instead of this failure.
Then, he was doing the typical work of scientists of
his time: he was translating antique writings. He was
working for years for a complete edition of Euclid, of
the "Almagest" of Ptolemy, and of writings of other
Greek authors. This made him financially independent
by the time, so that he could work on his favorite
topic: physics, and particularly optics [94].
[94] His major work was widely recognized
in Europe in Latin under the title "Thesaurus
Opticus" [p.164].
Most of antique and Arab physicists were pure
theoreticians, but Alhazen was also proceeding
experiments which was new at that time. He was
producing the first lens of glass pouring the glass
itself. This lense was interestingly used for
experiments, but was never used for practical
purposes, e.g. as a magnifying glass or as a
telescope. In contradiction to Euclid he stated that
light beams of an object reach the eye and not a
visual beam from the eye was scanning the environment.
Using a coincave mirror of metal he stated a certain
math problem which is known until today as "Alhazen's
problem" and which he could solve with much work, but
Huygens found a more elegant solution in the mid-17th
century for it. Also basic laws of perspective due to
the straight spreading light have their base of
Alhazen.
His work with light beams led him consecuently also to
the field of astronomy. He considered the worlds of
the stars just as physical units, just sober
conceivable and calculatable. On the bases of the
refraction [[angles of the light beams]], he was
calculating the thickness of the atmopshere with a
wrong result of 5 mles, because he assumed a sharp
separation and not a gradual thinning of the air. The
appreciation of a work can be expressed with Alexander
von Humboldt, who called the Arabs the real founders
of physics. Ibn al-Haitham alias Alhazen was their
most important representative in this field, although
only parts of his complete works have survived,
because soon his writings were burned as directed
against the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quran.
[Links:
-- Ibn
al-Haitham - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]
Abu Ali ibn Sina - scientist in
Bukhara - persecuted by the Turkic tribe of the Qara
Khanides - minister with a military treatise - new
writings in prison
Abu Ali ibn Sina became one of the most famous Arab
personalities in Europe under the name "Avicenna". In
the Orient he is still popular today; Iran,
Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan are vying for
the honor to define him as one of their own.
There are still many puzzles in Avicenna's biography.
The first is the year of his birth. It is known that
Avicenna died in 1037. About his age, there are four
different information, and it is not even sure whether
there is talk of lunar or solar years - so there are
eight birth dates one can choose. According to Lüling
the age of 58 is the most probable, that means,
Avicenna was born in 979. His family came from
Buddhist stronghold Balch [p.165].
that's eight data to choose from. The most likely age
to Lüling age is 58 years, that is, Avicenna was born
in 979. His family came from the Buddhist stronghold
Balch [p.165]
[95] This is Bactria of the Hellenistic
period. Balch included parts of today's Afghanistan,
Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The
province was in the lifetime of Avicenna the
Buddhist stronghold in the east of the Persian
Empire. In Bamiyan, in 2001, the Taliban government
blew up two monumental Buddha statues from that
time.
in present-day Afghanistan, but he moved to the
Samnite Kharmitan residence near Bukhara (Uzbekistan),
where Avicenna was born. His father was a senior
official at the court of the Buddhist Samnids [96].
[96] The name derives from the original
residence Saman / Suman. From there the mane
"Sumaniyya" comes from, the name for Buddhism at
that time.
The origin of a well-off family home ensured the best
education at that time. Basic education were "Ice
luger" of Porphyrios and other classical writings, and
of course he studied maths, geometry, physics, and
medicine. The latter one, he did not call a difficult
science. He was a tremendously hardworking worker
studying also complete nights through, according to
his own indications.
At 22, it was over with peace. The newly Islamized
[[Muhammad Fantasy]] Turkic tribe of the Qara Khanides
destroyed the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Samnid Empire and
deported the surviving members of the Avicenna dynasty
("the need requiered me to move away") and he fled to
Urgench, the capital of the province of Khorezmien.
Meanwhile, the Samanid prince al-Muntasir tried to
regain control in a five-year struggle, but failed.
And Avicenna was his follower. The doors that had
previously been open to him closed again for political
reasons.
"Then the need requiered me to move away": Avicenna
left with his longtime teacher and companion Abu Sahl
al-Masihi, the highly renowned scholar and former
physician of the Samnid Urgentsch, and his lifelong
walk from residence to residence continued.
"Then the need requiered me to move away". The formula
became the common thread in Avicenna's life. He was a
lifetime political refugee coming from a Buddhist
world that came under [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islamic
pressure.
From Urgench Avicenna moved via Nisa, Abiward and
other stations to Gurgan on the border of the Caspian
Sea, his teacher and companion did not survive the
hardships [p.166]. On the way, Avicenna occasionally
ordained under a false name, his hope for a job with
Sheikh Kabus of Gurgan did not fulfill. So he moved to
Persian Hamadan to the court of Shams-ad-Dawla, from
which he received a ministerial post. One day a
military revolt against him brought him into serious
trouble. Reason was his probably not very popular
ministerial treatise "About the food and the pay of
the army, the military slaves and soldiers and about
the land tax of the territories". He survived also
this with hardship, but a little time later he passed
four months in prison because rumors stated that he
had an agreement with the hostile Emir of Isfahan. He
used this period in prison to write various writings.
After more long and detailes entanglements, he finally
fled to Isfahan being disguized as a [[Jesus Fantasy]]
monch. What the real political background was, we can
only speculate about it.
Avicenna: Death by parsley seeds and
opium 1037 - life of a medic
Avicenna belonged towards the end of his life to the
closest confidant of the Emir of Isfahan and
accompanied him in this capacity and as a doctor on
its military campaigns. On one such, in 1037, he died
[p.167] at the age of 58. The circumstances of his
death are narrated: In order to prepare for the flight
he had expected to flee, he instructed an attending
physician to mix a fortifying medicine. It mistakenly
contained an overdose of parsley seeds and opium.
Avicenna led a very intense life. During the day he
was busy with his various bread occupations, followed
in the evening lectures and transcripts. But that was
not the end of the day, as his pupil and collaborator
al-Guzgani [97]
[97] The first half of his autobiography
probably comes from Avicenna himself, the second
half of his pupil and companion al-Guzgani.
reports:
"When we were done with it, singers of all
sorts appeared, a wine-making estate with all that
belonged to it was prepared, and we dealt with it."
And:
"With the Master all powers were strongly
developed, and under the forces of the desiring soul
part, there was the sexual one the strongest and
most dominated one."
(German: "Beim Meister waren alle Kräfte stark
entwickelt, wobei unter den Kräften des begehrenden
Seelenteils die sexuelle am stärksten und
übermächtigsten war." )
Avecinna lived as it was known in all the country a
dissolute festivity life.
Avicenna saw his vocation probably in politics, his
bread professions were doctor, judge and scholar, in
the latter role he created his philosophical work. His
life was marked by the collapse of the Samnid Empire,
which coincided with the collapse of the "Eastern
Iranian Renaissance" as a whole. Avicenna's roots are
undoubtedly Buddhist. He himself does not tell us
anything directly and carefully avoids to represent
any of the political parties. He never attracted
attention by religiosity of any kind, and he was known
for his not-islamic life. It can be admitted that he
was also performing vivisections with dead bodies -
which are forbidden in [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Islam.
[[Jesus Fantasy]] Orthodox Church was always angry
with him because he also rejected to recognise the
necesity that a [[Fantasy]] prophet will come to
instruct the world about [[Fantasy]] Revelation [98].
[98] There is a nice tradition from the
15th century, according to which the [[Fantasy]]
prophet Mohammed complains to al-Magribi that Ibn
Sina had come in contact with [[Fantasy]] God
without his mediation.
(This is exactly a key phrase of "Sumaniyya", from
Buddhism).
Avicenna left an extensive philosophical and medical
writing material, although the rating of his
philosophical work may seem exaggerated. "The Book of
[p.168] Healing" or the "Canon", a systematic
presentation of medicine, was among the standard works
that made him famous in medieval Europe. With all
this, he was "with a high nose", we would say
arrogantly today, and he knew little consideration.
Avicenna wrote about Rhazes wrote that he had better
stay with the "investigation of skin diseases, urine
and bowel movements". It can be considered certain
that was revising works of his companion and teacher
al-Masihi and then edited them as his ones.
Science notes a big jump from Hippocrates to Galen,
but an even bigger one from Galen to Avicenna. He
dominated for 500 years the medicine of the Orient and
Europe, precisely until Paracelsus 1530 came out with
a new era of medicine.
Avicenna was a great philosopher and the greatest
physician of the Middle Ages. He was not a [[Muhammad
Fantasy]] Muslim either.
[Links:
-- Avicenna
(Abu Ali ibn Sina) - Mossad Wikipedia link
(Engl.)]
Al-Biruni from Kath near the Aral Sea
(today: Aral Desert) - life of an astronomer and
philosopher
Concerning non-medical sciences, today's research is
inclined to give another Uzbek an even higher rank
than Avicenna: al-Biruni. In Europe, he remained
relatively unknown, perhaps because there was no
biography of him for a long time. He was a countryman
and contemporary of the slightly younger Avicenna. The
two have also met, but friends - which was obviously
not easy to be with Avicenna - they never were. Biruni
was born in 976 in Kath in the south of Aral Sea
[[which is a desert now - 2019]] and he came
from poor circumstances. He owed his rise to the
local princely family, who integrated him and provided
the best possible education. At the age of 16, he
proceeded a determination of the geographical location
of his hometown and also built quite early a
hemispherical globe of the northern hemisphere [99].
[99] The next earth model was made by the
a man from Nuremberg, Mr. Martin Behaim in 1492.
[The world's oldest known globe map is from Piri
Reis and comes from a photo of extraterrestrials,
see e.g. the movie of Däniken
Remembering the Future - link (German) with
many photos].
For political reasons Biruni had to leave his hometown
in 995, one may assume that the reasons were the same
as for the flight of Avicenna. Without his equipment,
he moved to Rajj, today's Tehran. There he got to know
an astronomer who was building an instrument for
measuring the altitude of the sun. For the lunar
eclipse which was calculated for 997 [p.169] Biruni
arranged a meeting by letter with an astronomer in
Baghdad to measure the event simultaneously and thus
determine the distance angle between two viewpoints.
He then moved temporarily to Gurgan on the Caspian
Sea, where he met Avicenna.
Biruni soon received a call to the court of Urgench.
But the city was conquered by an enemy prince, who is
said to have kidnapped Biruni to Ghazna in today's
Afghanistan. In fact, it may be true that Biruni was
part of a ransom payment. Ghazna was a Hindu
stronghold and Prince Masud was very interested in
science [100].
[100] Presumably, Masud was a Hindu, and
this is almost certain considering [[Muhammad
Fantasy]] Islamic historiography defaming him as a
"drunkard".
[This is just a normal criminal defamation tactic of
criminal 1 God religions, not important if it comes
from Moses Fantasy Jewry, or from Jesus Fantasy
Christianity, or from Muhammad Fantasy Islam].
Al-Biruni had found a new patron. He gave him the
"Masonic Canon", the largest astronomical encyclopedia
of the Middle Ages. He had to accompany his ruler on
the numerous military campaigns that brought him to
India. Out of this resulted his unique book, a
cultural history of India: "A Critical Study of What
India Says, Whether Accepted by Reason or Refused".
For understand Indian mathematics and astronomy, he
learned Sanskrit and reported in general very
sensitively about the Indian culture. This was easy
for him because - like Avicenna - he came from a
Buddhist environment. Biruni was the only one of his
fortune who was able, at least in part, to blow up the
powerful Aristotelian system. He was an astronomer,
physicist, geographer and philosopher - but he was, as
an exception, not a medical doctor. He died in 1048
while discussing a legal problem. He was not [[a
Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim either.
[Links:
-- Al-Biruni
- Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)]
Ibn Rushd - philosopher in Seville and
Córdoba - persecuted by the introduction of the
Mohammed Fantasy judiciary
Now we move from the extreme eastern end of the Arab
empires to the extreme west, "al Gharb" [101]:
[101] Al Gharb: this means "The
West"; from this word derives the name Algarve.
to Andalusia. In 1126, ibn Rushd was born in Córdoba
who became famous at the European universities being
called "Averroes" [[the Latin version of his name ibn
Rushd]]. In the Arab world he remained unnoticed, only
by his fame in Europe he was known there in the
[S.170] modern times. He received the then best
education we already know: philosophy, mathematics,
astronomy, medicine and as a member of the judges
(judiciary), he was also a lawyer.
In 1148, the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Berber dynasty of
the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Almohads conquered Córdoba
under the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] caliph Abu Jakub
Yussef. In 1153 Ibn Ruschd was ordered to Marrakech to
the residence of the ruler, a meeting he was looking
forward to with great anxiety. At court, he was
introduced by a certain Ibn Tufail, who is also no
stranger in Europe: He had written the philosophical
novel "The Naturals", in which the actors are lost on
a desert island in the ocean and through observations
and logical conclusions they realize the connections
of the world [102].
[102] Ibn Tufail: Hajj ibn Jaqzan: The
Natureman (German: Der Naturmensch); Cologne 1983
As a result, Ibn Rushd appeared as "Qadi" in Seville
and Córdoba, but his main work was always his
philosophical work. He was especially active in
opposing the teachings of al-Ghazali because, in his
opinion, they were destroying [[Muhammad Fantasy]]
Islam. In 1195, he was struck by the fate: [[Muhammad
Fantasy]] Imams had incited the people against him,
who rated him a bad man since a long time, and they
forced the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] ruler to a formal
trial against him. The [[Muhammad Fantasy]] tribunal
denied the righteous behavior of Ibn Ruschd, his books
were demonstratively burned and the philosophy was
banned altogether by [[a Muhammad Fantasy]] edict. He
himself was banished from Córdoba and was forbidden to
teach. Three years later he was dead.
It is not by chance that there is almost nothing in
Arabic by Ibn Rushd: the tradition was in Hebrew
translation, and at times Averroes himself wrote in
Arabic with Hebrew letters. This was a kind of insider
language that shows in what intolerant environment he
lived.
His legal approach already belonged to a past epoch.
While the Qadi Ibn Rushd was searching for general
legal principles, the courts in Spain were judging
already according to model cases from the life of the
[[Fake Fantasy]] prophet. All [[Muhammad Fantasy]]
Islam countries became more and more Islamic orthodox
and all jurisprudence, philosophy and the sciences
came to an end.
North of the Mediterranean, on the other hand, his
statements were heatedly discussed [p.171]. Thomas
Aquinas was working a considerate part of his life to
disprove Averroes who had stated that there is no free
will, but all action came by a subordinate necessity:
he had stated that the intellect of all humans would
be just one unique and common will, that there never
had been a first human, and that the soul could not
suffer in the hell fire because it would die with the
body.
On the one hand Averroes was celebrated, on the other
hand also ridiculed, for example because of his belief
in authority. On the one hand, he defended the
[[Muhammad Fantasy]] Quran because, in his opinion, it
[[the Quran]] ordered rational research, and on the
other hand, he called for its reinterpretation when
statements contradicted scientific findings. However,
this would be reserved for educated persons only. The
masses, who could not follow logical reasoning, would
be forced to remain with the allegoric comparisons of
the Revelation - only the philosophers could penetrate
to the core. This is the system of "double truths" of
Ibn Rushd. He considered himself as a [[Muhammad
Fantasy]] Muslim. His contemporaries, however,
considered this very differently, and this was his bad
luck.
[Links:
-- Averroes
(Ibn-Ruschd) -
Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)
-- Ibn
Tufail - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)
-- Al-Gazali
- Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)
-- Thomas
Aquinas - Mossad Wikipedia link (Engl.)
]
